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Amazinga ukuncibilika igolide. ukuncibilika ukubila lokushisa metal

Kuyinto the Izakhiwo zanoma izinsimbi esikhathini esiningi kunqunywa emkhakheni kwesicelo sabo uthengisa abantu ubuciko kanye nezimboni. Phakathi izici eyinhloko okumqoka kuba ukuncibilika lokushisa yabo. Ukwazi leli ipharamitha ikuvumela ngempumelelo ukuhlanganisa izithako ezahlukene futhi adale ukhululekile, okuhlala kanye eliphezulu Alloys, ikakhulukazi ezingafanele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya.

ukuncibilika ukubila lokushisa metal

Ukuze umelele inkomba inikezwe ngamunye. Nokho, umkhawulo Ukushisa isezingeni zonke izinsimbi. At lokushisa ethile, ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala ncibilika uya kusuka okuqinile esimweni liquid. Uma lesi sibalo ukuletha ukubaluleka esibucayi, ke metal izoya isimo gaseous, isb iqala abilayo futhi vaporization inqubo.

Ngakho-ke, kukhona ngezigaba lonke sibonakalisa ikhono ancibilike izinsimbi. Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu elandelayo.

  1. Fusible. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa labo ukuthi zincibilike ngamazinga ngezansi mayelana 600 C. Isibonelo: zinc, i-sodium, gallium, bismuth, ithini cesium, nabanye.

  2. meltability okulingene. Inkomba ngaphakathi 600-1600 C. Ngokwesibonelo, igolide ukuma ngefomu okumsulwa - 1063 C, ngakho-ke, sihlobana leli qembu izinsimbi.
  3. Refractory. Angaphezu kuka-1600 C. Izibonelo: titanium, i-tungsten chromium nabanye.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ngezigaba isebenza kuphela izinsimbi okumsulwa. Uma kuziwa Alloys, izinombolo ukushintsha kakhulu, futhi amagugu zingahluka kusuka kwegciwane.

Abilayo iphuzu insimbi kukhona siphezulu kunamanye ipharamitha kubhekwe. Ngakho, uma lokuncibilika zegolide - 1063 ° C, ukubila iphuzu - kakade 2947 ° C. Umehluko cishe kabili!

Igolide: umbono jikelele

Aurum, noma igolide - iyinombolo chemical isici 79 ishadi lesikhathi. isisindo Atomic kuyinto amayunithi 196,967. Akhiwe iqembu mina, ushintsho eqenjini. It libhekisela amatshe ayigugu, ngaphezu:

  • -platinum;
  • esiliva;
  • palladium.

Ngokombono reactivity cishe inert, azikho izimo ezikhethekile ekusabeleni Asingeni. It has izakhiwo ezikhethekile ezingokomzimba ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwalo ubucwebe, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni.

Izakhiwo zegolide

Yini eyingqayizivele ngakho kule sensimbi, okuyinto kwaba amakhulu amaningi eminyaka nokujaha nabantu ababa iwuphawu kahle ngokwezimali emhlabeni?

  1. Umbala. Ukuze ngegolide elihlanzekile elinesimo enhle ezijulile umbala ophuzi nge liphinyiselwe sheen metallic. I metal ketshezi uba nombala okhanyayo green. Imibhangqwana nombala ophuzi.
  2. Ukuqina. Ukusebenzisa le Gold ipharamitha kunabayeni namanye amalungu amaningi ngoba metal ezithambile. Esikalini kusukela ku ubulukhuni izinto (Mohs isikali) ingxenye esebenzayo 2.5-3.
  3. Amazinga ukuncibilika igolide - 1063 C.
  4. I conductivity kagesi kuhle, u-75% maqondana ithusi njengoba superconductor.
  5. I ezishisayo conductivity nokushisa umthamo kuhle. Zegolide ashisise kweso futhi ngokushesha ukufuthelana.

I anezakhi ezikhethekile ezinikeza ephakeme ukubaluleka igolide, kubhekwe eceleni. Ziyakwazi:

  • ductility;
  • plasticity;
  • ukuminyana.

inhlanganiso metal

Sheer ukuminyana isici kusho isisindo lomcebo per unit ivolumu. Ngakho igolide has cishe lesi sibalo kakhulu ipharamitha inikezwe. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, isigamu ingilazi legolide elihlanzekileyo isihlabathi uzoba isisindo mayelana 1000 amagremu.

Igolide Wugqinsi, wahlanza kusuka ukungcola kuyinto 19.3 g / cm 3. Uma sikhuluma rocks ngenhlanganisela engokwemvelo yegolide, khona-ke kancane izinga ephansi - 18-18,2 g / cm 3. Le nkomba ivumela elula ukuze kukhishwe insimbi emadwaleni. Wenza namalungiselelo igolide ezibizayo ngakho okwesikhathi esincane kakhulu amagremu.

Malleability futhi ductility

Iphuzu ukuncibilika igolide, kanye malleability yayo extreme futhi ductility alenze esilungele futhi athambile ezandleni zabantu nayo ngabangane. Ngakho, lapho sizwa nomqondo "igolide leaf". Kuyini lokhu? It esigingqwe amashidi lulwimi lutho lekhethelo izingcezu zegolide, ezizenzile ke akaphelelwa kukhanye yayo bhá futhi zizinhle. Igolide leaf surface kungenziwa imikhiqizo, izindonga camera bamabandla Dome , kanjalonjalo.

Bangu-1 g yaleli metal emangalisayo zingenziwa wire mncane kakhulu, ubude baso kuyoba cishe 3000 metres! Igolide uchayeke deformations elandelayo ngaphandle kokulahleka izakhiwo kanye nobuqotho isakhiwo:

  • kokucindezelwa;
  • igoqe;
  • ugobile;
  • ukugaya;
  • kweqa;
  • esisuka;
  • azidlulisele iyiphi ukuma ofiselekayo.

Ngokwemvelo, iqoqo Izakhiwo ezifana Ngeke sikwazi ukuhlale ziyasibona abantu, ngakho-ke, igolide isetshenziswa ehlukahlukene, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni.

Ukuba nemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa komuntu

Ngo ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni negolide livela e imvelo ngesimo ingots, isihlabathi noma inclusions emadwaleni. Placer igolide - indawo yimpango yabo womuntu. Ngo ingxube isihlabathi, ubumba nezinye izingxenye isuswe, bese ahlukaniswe ifomu okumsulwa.

Futhi, igolide kuqukethwe:

  • izitshalo;
  • izilwane;
  • umzimba womuntu;
  • namanzi angaphansi komhlaba;
  • izilwandle nakho olwandle;
  • lithosphere.

Kuzo zonke lezi zindawo, abantu bafunda ukuba kukhishwe izinsimbi ukusetshenziswa uyazikhathalela izidingo zabo. Kungani udinga khona?

  1. Igatsha main - Yebo, ubucwebe. umhlobiso Ubuhle benziwe kusukela Alloys ezahlukene negolide isici esiyinhloko ngomnotho zezimali cishe zonke wesifazane. Banikwa ukuba abathandekayo, bona ukutshala, bona bayahlonishwa futhi bayaziswa.
  2. Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa. Amazinga ukuncibilika igolide ne-platinum, futhi palladium, nickel, kanti ezinye nezinye izinsimbi kubenza eziwusizo kakhulu ukusetshenziswa izicelo lobuchwepheshe. A impahla zegolide abe izinga eliphakeme malleability, futhi plasticity, oluhambisana inertness amakhemikhali wire evumela ukusetshenziswa kwalesi zensimbi ezincane, chips. Isb, amafoni, nemisakazo, yokubala kanye amanye amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki.
  3. Igolide - lwemali kanzima emhlabeni jikelele, okungasekelwe yehliswa naphakade. Wayengasabi emali kanye okuzenzakalelayo, ngakho eziningi ukugcina imali yabo ungaphakathi ingots metal.
  4. Imiklomelo ye impumelelo kwezemidlalo ezahlukene, tournaments kanye imidlalo abathola isahlulelo e igolide, isiliva kanye lethusi waphinda igcizelela ukubaluleka kwabo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

igolide Alloys

Lezi izici metal injalo emsulwa awenzi kuphela eliyingqayizivele futhi ethandwa, kodwa futhi kuthinte izinga imikhiqizo. Ngakho, ngenxa umsungulo eliphezulu okumsulwa zegolide kulula deform, ilimaze aphange. Ngakho-ke, i-Alloys metal elisetshenziswe kaningi namanye amalungu uhlelo gqwa.

  1. 585 igolide. Lokhu ingxubevange iyona ethengisa engcono ezivamile ezweni lethu kanye nasemazweni aphesheya. Of ukuthi kuyini lokho? 58,5% - ngegolide elihlanzekile, 34% are ithusi, 7.5% - esiliva. Ukuncibilika iphuzu igolide 585 - mayelana 840 ° C, okuyinto kakhulu leliphasi kunaleyo isampula okumsulwa. Nokho, ngokuvamile i-izakhiwo ingxubevange zingcono kakhulu, njengoba ukungcola nxephezela nemibi metal elula. Ithusi ukhonza ukuthuthukisa amandla kanye ubulukhuni komkhiqizo. Nokho, uma kuba kakhulu ke umkhiqizo uzohanjiswa ukugqwala okusheshayo. umthelela Isiliva embaleni. Ngenxa-ke ingxubevange ophuzi ngaphezulu, brilliant umthunzi oluhlaza ngaphandle amanyela. Iqiniso ukuthi iphuzu igolide ukuncibilika 585 iphansi ngakho uma kuqhathaniswa kukho net, uthi ukuxhumana imikhiqizo kumelwe baqaphe kakhulu futhi ngokucophelela, hhayi ukuhamba eduze i ilangabi evulekile.
  2. Igolide 999. Lokhu ingxubevange - esekelwe metal okumsulwa ngokuyisisekelo nge ingxenye encane wethusi. Ngenxa yalokhu, igolide ukuma 999 inyuka ngokuziqhathanisa inkomba odlule. Kuyinto 1063 ° C, okungukuthi, ukubaluleka efanayo ukuze imfuyo elula. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe kule ingxubevange ethambile, uyakwazi ukusonteka, ngakho-ke, zidinga handling ngokucophelela futhi banakekelwe.

igolide 375

Amazinga ukuncibilika igolide 585 kuyinto isilinganiso. Ngempela, kukhona ingxubevange, lapho metal yizicukuthwane ebangela% 37.5 kuphela (375 isampula). okuhlukile ezinjalo Inkomba ncibilika ngokuvamile ayasondela 770 ° C, okuyinto inani eliphansi.

Uma sikhuluma base ingxubevange zegolide nezesiliva, lezi ongakhetha azisetshenziswa. Umkhiqizo kuyoba esithambile futhi. Ngakho-ke, ithusi likhona kuyadingeka. Lokuncibilika isiliva negolide cishe esifanayo, chitha encane. I metal white kuba 961,8 ° C. Ngakho-ke, hhayi abambisana kakhulu ingxubevange kwehlisa jikelele e umkhiqizo.

Yini enquma umbala ubucwebe ezenziwe igolide?

Yini umbala ephonswa umhlobiso on ukukhanya incike onjani okufakiwe e ingxube, amaphesenti babo. tint Red kuyodingeka umkhiqizo lapho 50/50 igolide-wesiliva nethusi.

White - uma ufaka inhlanganisela palladium, nickel, esiliva nokuningi. Green - wesiliva nethusi, pink - esiliva, palladium nethusi.

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