"Axial Ubudala" noKarla Yaspersa

Esikhathini nefilosofi yomlando, welithi "Axial yobudala" yavela sibonga Thinker Karl Jaspers. Ukuhlaziya intuthuko emphakathini wabantu, nimangala ukubukeka nokufa impucuko yasendulo historiosophy eyaziwa zazama ukuthola okuyinto emenza impucuko yesimanje kanye sengqondo sabantu. Ngenxa yalokho, wafika umqondo wokuthi kwaba nenkathi (eyathatha cishe iminyaka eyisithupha), okuyinto kusengathiwa eksisi yomlando emhlabeni.

Jaspers ukuthi le isigaba wawuqala eyesishiyagalombili yesibili BC leminyaka. Kungani nekhulu lokuqala kule nkathi yethu wakhonza njengendlela yekucala, ngoba uhlelo ngokwawo kwezikhathi wamukela emazweni aseNtshonalanga, kusekelwe usuku kukaJesu kaKristu? Jaspers uthi Axial Age - uhlobo jikelele, esingenakubalwa kuboshelwe iyiphi inkolo, ngisho izwe. Yaba isisekelo sokholo lwawo akufanele kube umbandela oqavile ngokuba kuvisisa enokwehla ka emlandweni wesintu. Isidalwa ukuthi likhona futhi "ukuphela izikhathi", njengoba kuchaziwe Encwadi KaGenesise futhi Apocalypse, ngisho ikholwa Christian ehlukanisa ngokwencazelo yaleli umlando wezwe umphakathi.

Ngaphambi engu Axial ifikile, isintu siye aziwa cut emibili ebalulekile emlandweni walo. Eyokuqala - kuyinto ukuvela yokukhuluma isho, okwenza amathuluzi, ikhono lokusebenzisa umlilo. Eyesibili Imi - kungcono V- III yeminyaka BC, lapho isimo sivune futhi ezindimeni imifula elikhulu kukhona impucuko yaseGibhithe, iBabiloni, i-Asiriya, eChina, eNdiya yasendulo. Ngalesi sikhathi, lapho ezilotshiwe, isimo wadala amapheshana enkolo basezinganekwaneni, kukhona ukuhweba, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukungqubuzana kanye interpenetration kwamasiko. Yombuso wasendulo kwasusa umlando eksisi emhlabeni.

Eminyakeni 700 we BC usetha uqobo "Axial Ubudala." Kuyinto kubonakala ngokukhethekile endleleni BC IV leminyaka. Le ngxenye Jaspers elikubiza ngokuthi "isimiso okungokomoya okuyisisekelo lwesintu." Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo e China abahlala futhi basebenze, Lao Tzu, uConfucius nezinye ongqondongqondo ezinkulu abasungula izisekelo ubuConfucius, ubuTao, kuphenduka moizma. ENdiya uthi alo ntshumayelo Benares Buddha, kulotshiwe Upanishads. Zarathustra elikufundisayo umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle lokubi Iran. EPalestina, kule nkathi kwaphawulwa obhekwe umprofethi u-Isaya, u-Eliya Ierimii. EGrisi, kukhona zonke izitayela zefilosofi - izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nekungabata a sophistry yesayensi kakhulu. Khona-ke wahlala uSocrates, u-Aristotle, uPlato Heraclitus futhi Parmenides.

Lesi sikhathi Axial, ngokuvumelana Jaspers, - ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni umphakathi. Kwakukhona ube esejika, okuyinto edala umuntu yesimanje, isimo sakhe sengqondo, wokuziqambela kanye rationality. I esilinganayo ngaphandle emaphethelweni ku imikhawulo ezahlukene, i-Eurasia, kodwa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu bona imali kumuntu futhi singenamandla womuntu siqu lapho sibhekene indawo soulless. Ukufuna the obabazekayo, yokuthi "emhlabeni", isimo sengqondo abantu abangaphezu kuka-kokusungulwa egejeni abuye esigayweni amanzi.

Axial Ubudala idale izisekelo zonke izinkolo zomhlaba ezikhona. «Time Isihe» ebuKristwini senzeka ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili, kodwa isimo salo abantu wayesekulungele ukwamukela izimfundiso iNtshumayelo. Buddha okwakudliwa ekhulwini lesine BC, kodwa ukusabalala wonke Buddhism njengoba kwenzeka kamuva namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva. Ngokusho Jaspers, enkathini yesimanje manje asathuthuka nokuqedelela imibono okuyinto izisekelo babekwa ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi kakhulu. Logic, izindlela cognition zomhlaba, amafilosofi nesimo sengqondo lo muntu wayesemdala Akumangalisi bavumelane isikhathi sethu.