Chloroform - kuyini? Ukulungiselela kanye isicelo isinyathelo of chloroform

Ukutholakala namakhemikhali amaningi akuyona nenhloso futhi ngephutha, ngesikhathi zamagama, noma ukutadisha property into. Nokho, eziningi ngephutha wathola ketshezi kuba kubaluleke kakhulu, ayesebenzisa kungukuthi kuphela kwamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi imithi, umkhakha kanye nakweminye imikhakha. nje isikhathi sokuba labo izinto futhi chloroform ahlobene, okuzoxoxwa olwengeziwe.

igama

Igama ketshezi has izinhlobo eziningana. Eqinisweni, njengazo zonke organic compounds, ke ilalela imithetho zishintshe ngesilwane esifuywayo ezivamile amagama eziwubala isihloko, esekelwe Ukwakheka kwe-molecule.

Ngakho-ke, kuze kube-chloroform kukhona izinguqulo eziningana igama:

• carbon trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: kuyini? Ungasibona kulokho enkompolo isihloko, futhi ungase ucabangele isakhiwo Jomethri ye-molecule.

ukwakheka kwama-molecule

chloroform-molecule siqukethe ama-athomu amathathu chlorine ne eyodwa hydrogen atom, athomu ngamunye ehlangene carbon emaphakathi. Ngokuyisisekelo, i-molecule trichloromethane - umkhiqizo esikhundleni olukhulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen ngu-athomu omoya-chlorine e-molecule ye-methane lapho zihlatshwa ngemibandela ethile.

Kulokhu, zonke C-CL alinganayo ngokuphelele, kakhulu polar. C-H izibopho kuqhathaniswa nezinye izibopho esasikumagazini i-molecule kuba nokwehlukana nakakhulu iba ngisengozini ngempela. Ngakho-ke, kuqhutshekwe engqamuzaneni P-H isibopho idabukile kalula ne-hydrogen esikhundleni nezinye ama-athomu (isb, chlorine, futhi, lapho kumiswa i-carbon tetrachloride).

Cabanga indlela okubukeka chloroform. Ifomula: CHCL _3. Ifomula isakhi ifomu elilandelayo:

Bobabili izakhiwo ukumela into ikhemikhali idlulisa chloroform. Ifomula ebonisa ukuthi i-molecule ye uzinzile futhi asabele enemibandela kufanele usetshenziswe.

izakhiwo

Izakhiwo kungenziwa libhekene kanje: trichloromethane:

1. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (ekamelweni lokushisa, ingcindezi evamile asemkhathini 100 KPA, umswakama hhayi ephakeme kuka-80%) we ketshezi asivumelani ngokuqinile ketshezi odorous abangenalo umbala. Iphunga chloroform abukhali ngokwanele esindayo, esigubuzele, like iphunga ether. Ukunambitheka izinto ezinoshukela, kodwa awukwazi ukuyizama, ngoba anobuthi kakhulu.
2. Amanzi zingaxazululeki, uyakwazi Ukuqedwa kuphela izinhlobo ezahlukene ezihogelwayo. Njengoba amanzi engakwazi futhi yakha ongaphakeme-okuhlushwa (0.23%) isixazululo.
3. I abilayo lokhu kwakwakhe lingaphansi kunalokhu ukuthi lamanzi imayelana 62 ⁰ C.
4. Ukuma ngqo negative, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform kwabantu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo kwabantu amanzi futhi kufana 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Namandla evelele imvelo enobuthi efana on imiphumela ku umzimba, libhekisela eqenjini compounds kwezidakamizwa.

Lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini trehloristy carbon uyakwazi ukwakha Izingxube azeotropic. Kulesi isixazululo chloroform kuyinto 97,5% futhi 2.5% amanzi kuphela. I abilayo yesixazululo is yehla kwafaniswa trichloromethane okumsulwa futhi 52 ⁰ C.

chemical izakhiwo

Njengazo zonke methane kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma, chloroform akabonisi reactivity. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukuphendula kancane, ejwayelekile ngaye. Ngokwesibonelo, impatho chlorine molecule phakathi kwenqubo kulungiselelwa nemikhiqizo methane chlorination. Ukuze lolu ketshezi esithathwayo chloroform, ukusabela zenzeka ngokuvumelana uhlobo indlela olukhulu zidinga emisebeni ultraviolet njengoba imfuneko futhi Quanta ukukhanya.

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

Ngokwe-equation ukuphendula ebonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo ngokugcwele methane kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma - carbon tetrachloride. ukusabela okunjalo Le miyalezo ingenye yezindlela yokuthola carbon tetrachloride embonini.

Futhi izakhiwo chemical zihlanganisa ingxube azeotropic ngamanzi, okuyinto bayakwazi chloroform. Kuyini lokhu? Okungukuthi, ikhambi elinjalo at abilayo izingxenye musa ibhekane noma yiziphi izinguquko. Ngu abilayo le ngxube akakwazi ukuba ahlukaniswe zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane.

Olunye uhlobo ukusabela, okungase ufake chloroform kuyinto esikhundleni ka Halogen ama-athomu nezinye ama-athomu noma amaqembu sokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela nge aqueous sodium hydroxide , it yakha sodium acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = Sodium acetate + sodium chloride + amanzi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe ukuphendula okuphawulekayo ukusabela chloroform i-ammonia ne-potassium hydroxide (isixazululo bagxila) ngenxa ukuxhumana okunjalo, a -cyanide.

Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + amanzi

isitoreji chloroform

Esikhathini trichloromethane ukukhanya ukubola lapho kumiswa eziyingozi, imikhiqizo anobuthi:

Chloroform phosgene = + hydrochloric acid + chlorine + yamangqamuzana carbon dioxide

Ngakho-ke, izimo okugcinwe chloroform kufanele kube ekhethekile - izitsha eziyisikhombisa ingilazi amnyama nge stoppered ezihambisanayo. Ebhodleleni ngokwalo kufanele agcinwe kude nelanga.

reception

Ulungiselela chloroform eyenziwa ngezindlela eziningana.

1. Umgudu multistage le chlorination methane ukuthi kwenzeka indlela olukhulu bedle ultraviolet ukukhanya nokushisa. Kulokhu umphumela akuyona kuphela chloroform, kodwa neminye imikhiqizo ezintathu: chloromethane, dichloromethane ne-carbon tetrachloride. Ukusabela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

CH ₄ + CL ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCL - chloromethane kwakhiwa ne-hydrogen chloride

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ CL ₂ CL ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane ne-hydrogen chloride kwakhiwa

CH ₂ CL ₂ + CL ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - trichloromethane kwakhiwa (chloroform), ne-hydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - amafomu carbon tetrachloride ne-hydrogen chloride

Ngale ndlela, i-zamagama trichloromethane umkhakha.

2. budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye powder amakhorali futhi ETHYL utshwala. Le ndlela-laboratory.

3. Ulungiselela chloroform electrolytic (Amandla kagesi) ukuze alikhali metal chloride emkhathini acetone noma ETHYL utshwala. Futhi indlela laboratory ngokukhiqiza trichloromethane.

yokuhlanza

Ngemva chloroform sitholwa, ke idinga ukuhlanzwa. Phela, uma isetshenziswa ngezinhloso zokwelapha, okuqukethwe ukungcola kumane nje akwamukeleki. Uma Ukucaciswa target isicelo, okuqukethwe izinto angaphandle kufanele kungagcini.

Kungase kube ukungcola ahlukahlukene okuyindawo ehlanganisa chloroform. Kuyini lokhu? Yiziphi?

• utshwala Ethyl.
• Hydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ukuhlanza lezi ukungcola kusuka chloroform yilezi:

• ezinkulu uhlambulule ngamanzi kulandele iphele (ukuvumela ukuthola ngokuphelele balahle we ethanol);
• trichloromethane sihlanzwe eqinile acid ke nge alikhali eqinile, kulandele amanzi. ukwelashwa Okwalandela womile ngokusebenzisa ejenti dehydrating - calcium chloride. Indaba ke fractionally distilled ku ikholomu.

Umlando yokutholakala

Kusukela lapho liyaziwa chloroform laziwe? Kuyini futhi esani ngaphambi? Zama ukuqonda.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala yalolu ketshezi zisebenze 1831. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho wemithi kusukela Guthrie Harbor yatholwa trichloromethane. Nokho, injongo kwakungeyona into, kwaba umkhiqizo ngu-engcono. Umthaki wemithi futhi ukuseshwa kumakhemikhali awuketshezi, injoloba, wahlanganyela kanye ngephutha got chloroform.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, futhi ngemva konyaka enye ososayensi ababili ngokuzimela etholwe ucwaningo yalolu ketshezi. It Yustas Libih (owenza umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali) kanye Eugen Subereyn. Umsebenti wabo kwaba ukuthola izinzwa, bathola. Nokho, sezwa ngalokhu umphumela chloroform futhi waqala ukuyisebenzisa kamuva, kuphela 1840s.

Ifomula kwesakhiwo kanye nokuxhumana ngama-athomu ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni ukufunda futhi uphatha ukwakha wemithi Dumas ngonyaka 1834. Wasikisela futhi esethole chloroform igama layo, esanikwa isikhulu behlonipha izintuthwane. ELatin intuthwane formiata evelele, njengoba kuqukethwe lezi zinambuzane formic acid uyakwazi ukwakha kusuka chloroform. Kulesi sisekelo, futhi ukukhomba igama layo.

Umthelela begazi phezu komuntu

It yenza ufaneleke umzamo ukusebenzisa kwayo njengenhlangano chloroform imithi ebulala izinzwa. Ithonya Lako abantu kuyinto ethize kakhulu, esehlanganise eziningana isitho kwemisele emikhulu.

I degree of ithonya kuxhomeke ezicini ezifana:

• okuhlushwa imuncwe lomcebo;
• ubude bokusebenzisa;
• indlela yokuthola ngaphakathi.

Uma kuziwa okumsulwa, chloroform yezokwelapha ke ukusetshenziswa kwaso akuvunyelwe dosed ngokunembile futhi endaweni. Ngakho-ke, Izimo kungenzeka lwenteke ezimbalwa nje. Uma sikhuluma mayelana chloroform ukuhwamuka emoyeni futhi imuncwe ingxenye umuntu wakhe, isenzo lapha sibucayi kakhulu futhi elimazayo.

Ngakho, lapho ephefumula ka trichloromethane phakathi nemizuzu engu-10 singenzeka umgudu edema, spasm yamaphaphu, ukukhwehlela, umphimbo obuhlungu. Uma umthelela akagcini ubuthi kwenzeka ngokushesha. Kuzobakhuthaza ehlaselwa isimiso sezinzwa (futhi ikhanda nomgogodla), mhlawumbe ebulalayo.

Futhi kungaba yingozi kwesibindi, nezinso zombili, izitho zokugaya has chloroform. Effect Its ziyalimaza ikakhulukazi uma bangeniswa isixazululo. ISidlo elandelayo ukuphendula umzimba ukuze yokwamukela chloroform:

• isiyezi;
• ukuhlanza nesicanucanu;
• bekhanda eziphikelelayo;
• sezinzwa uhlelo ukucindezeleka futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhathala;
• umkhuhlane;
• ukuqubuka nomzimba, isikhumba ububomvu.

Ucwaningo ukulinga izilwane ezihlukahlukene baye babonisa imiphumela elandelayo:

1. ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside chloroform ku uketshezi kubangela ukuphazamiseka kokukhulelwa, zokugula amaningi futhi mutagenesis yizizukulwane ezizayo.
2. Lapho esaphila asemkhathini kwezilwane chloroform babecindezelekile, evilaphayo kanye bungakanani ubude bokuphila kwabo is kakhulu ziyancipha.
3. Ngokusekelwe ucwaningo nge amagundane, kwaphethwa ngokuthi carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Le miphumela eyatholakala osokhemisi nodokotela ekuhloleni imiphumela ku eziphilayo of chloroform ophilayo.

Kusetshenziswa imithi

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha efana simile ngonyaka 1847. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho usosayensi, udokotela, wemithi Holmes Coote wokuqala ohlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa chloroform ukuze kubulawe izinzwa. Ithonya Lako abantu esaba kwesikhathi msebenzi omuhle - ukuvala shaqa okuphelele ukwazi, ukungabi khona noma imiphi imizwa.

Kodwa kamuva, uma isiguli ephaphama Kwakubonakalisiwe ukuthi akagcini ukucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza. Khona-ke usumisiwe imithetho eqonde kakhulu kwesicelo efana yokugwema imiphumela enjalo.

A indima ebalulekile kakhulu esethulweni imithi chloroform kudlalwa obelethisayo IsiZulu Dzheyms Simpson. Nguye kwafakazela umphumela omuhle lemagalagala phakathi kwenqubo lokuzalwa.

Nokho, awekho yini amanye izindlela ezintsha, iphephile futhi yesimanje ngokusungula indlela yokubulala izinzwa kuka-chloroform ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukusetshenziswa Its kwezokwelapha is cishe wanyamalala. Namuhla, isetshenziswa ngendlela:

• wamafutha ingxenye for lokusebenza olungaphandle;
• njengoba ezinwetshiwe izinzwa lihambisana nezinye izinto, futhi kuphela lokuhlala aphansi kakhulu;
• njengoba amathonsi ekupholiseni isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

Industrial Izicelo

Imboni seliphinde lasebenzisa chloroform. isicelo sayo iphathelene syntheses yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, lapho udlala indima degreaser kuphela, eziyinhloko noma ingxenye yesibili izinto ezibalulekile esetshenziswa zonke izindawo umsebenzi womuntu.