Classical German nefilosofi kafushane (izici jikelele)

Kuyini classical nefilosofi ezithakazelisayo-German? Sitshele kafushane mayelana kunzima, kodwa sizozama. Kuyaphawuleka kakhulu futhi umnikelo ezinkulu emlandweni futhi ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni yokucabanga. Ngakho ukukhuluma mayelana lonke iqoqo imiqondo ehlukene theory ukuthi kwavela eJalimane isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu. Uma sikhuluma isimiso esibanzi kanye yasekuqaleni umcabango, kuba Yiqiniso, German nefilosofi classical. Kafushane abameleli bayo bakwazi ukusho lokhu okulandelayo. Okokuqala, lokhu U-Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lyudvig Andreas Feuerbach. Inombolo guide ongqondongqondo lo mkhuba sihlanganisa ubuso ambalwa abadumile. Lokhu Johann Gottlieb Fichte futhi Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Schelling. Ngamunye wabo yokuqala kakhulu futhi umdali kwesimiso sakhe siqu. Ingabe thina ke angakhuluma into enjalo lephelele wefilosofi classical German? Chaza kafushane ke njengoba iqoqo imibono ehlukahlukene imiqondo. Kodwa bonke babe ezinye izici ezivamile ebalulekile kanye nezimiso.

nefilosofi classical German. izici Jikelele (kafushane)

Lena okuqinisekile emlandweni umcabango eJalimane. Leli zwe, njengoba Marx uzifanekisela akubeka, ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho kunalokho theory kuka esisebenzayo. Nokho, ngemva obumbi njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi Ukukhanyiselwa isikhungo washukumiseleka lapha. Ekuzalweni yayo bathonywe izinto ezahlukene - revolution nemizamo sokubuyiselwa eFrance, ukuthandwa imibono kwemithetho yemvelo kanye nempahla, umqondo umyalelo ezinengqondo nomphakathi. Uma ngempela sifuna ukuqonda ukuthi yini nefilosofi classical isiJalimane, kafushane singasho ukuthi zanqwabelana imibono yangaphambilini ye emazweni ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni cognition, ontology empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke labo ngqondongqondo baye bazama ukuqonda ukuthi yini isiko futhi ukwazi. Futhi nesithakazelo esikhulu kulokho okufanekiselwa indawo ithatha wonke nefilosofi. ongqondongqondo German kwalesi sikhathi wazama njani okushiwo umuntu. Baye basungula ifilosofi ehlelekile ngokuthi "isayensi umoya", akhonjwe izigaba zalo eziyinhloko futhi waqokomisa umkhakha. Futhi njengoba indlela eyinhloko ukucabanga, iningi labo aqaphele dialectic.

umsunguli

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa U-Immanuel Kant, umsunguli into eqakathekileko emlandweni yingqondo yomuntu, okuyinto the classic nefilosofi-German. Wabukeza umsebenzi walo ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili. Eyokuqala yalezi is ngokwesiko kubhekwe subcritical. Kube Kant wazibonisa njengoba usosayensi zemvelo ngisho ukubeka phambili umbono ocatshangelwayo ngendlela isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga eqale. Okwesibili, ngesikhathi esibucayi imisebenzi sefilosofi, enikelwe epistemology izinkinga ka dialectics, nokuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo. Okokuqala, wazama ukuxazulula le nkinga ukuthi Kuvezwe phakathi empiricism futhi rationalism: uyini umthombo wolwazi - isizathu noma isipiliyoni? Wayebheka lowo le mpikiswano ngokuyinhloko yokufakelwa. Imizwa ukusinika impahla ucwaningo, kanye engqondweni ulunika ukuma. Experience futhi kuvumele bonke lokhu ukulinganisela futhi uhlole. Uma imizwa kukhona esikhashana futhi impermanent, amafomu okucabanga - isegazini futhi priori. Bavele ngaphambi isipiliyoni. Siyabonga kubo singakwazi ukuveza amaqiniso kanye izenzakalo ngokuya ezungezile. Kodwa ukuqonda okushiwo emhlabeni nendawo yonke ngendlela thina asikwazi. Lona "into ngokwako", ekuqondeni okuyinto ngaphezu isipiliyoni, kuba obabazekayo.

Ukugxekwa isizathu theory ne practical

Lokhu sefilosofi esebeké izinkinga main, abese ixazululwe zonke okwalandela German nefilosofi classical. Kafushane (Kant sefilosofi nzima kakhulu, kodwa zama ukuba lula uhlelo), kuzwakala sengathi. Yini nendlela umuntu ukwazi indlela usebenza, ukuthi yini ezokwenzeka, futhi bonke ukuthi likhona? Ukuze siphendule umbuzo wokuqala, isazi sefilosofi ibheka izigaba ukucabanga nemisebenzi yabo. Emotion usebenze amafomu priori (isib space kanye nesikhathi), isizathu - izigaba (ubuningi, izinga). Amaqiniso ethathwe nakho nabo siguqulelwa imibono. Ingqondo nabo ubasa izahlulelo priori zokwenziwa. Ngakho kukhona inqubo cognition. Kodwa ingqondo iqukethe imibono eminingi futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela - ubunye emhlabeni, umphefumulo, kaNkulunkulu. Zimelele iphethini enhle, kodwa ngendlela enomqondo ngibakhiphe isipiliyoni noma ukufakazela engenakwenzeka. Noma yimuphi umzamo wokubuyisa ukwenza kanjalo yakha ukuphikisana zingaxazululeki - the antinomy. Zikukhombisa ukuthi kunesizathu ukuyeka futhi akhale ukholo. Ligxeka ukucabanga theory, Kant wabe esiwusizo, okungukuthi, nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. isisekelo sayo kubhekwa isazi sefilosofi, a priori kuphoqelekile categorical - ukuqaliswa komsebenzi zokuziphatha, hhayi izifiso nokuthambekela ebubini. Kant Kulindeleke izici eziningi wefilosofi classical German. Ake kwethu ongahlala kafushane kwamanye abameleli bayo.

Fichte

Lokhu sefilosofi, ngokungafani Kant, waphika ukuthi ezungeze akuxhomekile ukuqaphela kwethu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kuncike futhi into - nje wawubonakalisa ezahlukene yaphezulu "Mina". Ngokuhamba evamile yebhizinisi nokufunda empeleni senzeka ukuthembela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuqala "Mina" uyabona (kwenza) uqobo, bese letigcogcwe ngaphambilini. Bathoma ukusebenza ngale ndaba futhi zibe yisithiyo ngaye. Ukuze unqobe kubo: "Mina" eba. Isigaba eliphakeme yale nqubo kungukuqonda ungubani kuncike futhi into. Khona-ke bahlukene ayafa, futhi kukhona "Mina" ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncike ukuqonda Fichte kuyinto theory kanye nama-practical. I sichaza kuqala futhi nokobana yesibili. Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke "Mina", ngokuya Fichte, ukhona kuphela potency. prototype Its ngokuhlanganyela "thina" noma Nkulunkulu.

Schelling

Ukulanda umbono ka Fichte ubunye kuncike futhi entweni ethile, lesi sazi wacabanga zombili lezi izigaba yangempela. Nature akuyona indaba for ukugcwaliseka "Mina". Lokhu self-equlekile lonke ukubukeka nge potentiality tesifundvo. Govuza kulo livela bahlukene futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthuthukiswa Ngomphefumulo emhlabeni. Isihloko azalwe nemvelo, kodwa kudala umhlaba wayo, behlukanisiwe "Mina" - isayensi, ubuciko, inkolo. Amaphuzu anengqondo samanje hhayi kuphela ingqondo, kodwa futhi ngokwemvelo. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu intando eyenza ukuba sihlakulele futhi izwe. Ukuze ubone ubunye indoda kanye nemvelo, ukuluqonda akwanele, sidinga umuzwa bokusungula. Yena abe ifilosofi nezobuciko. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo yokucabanga, ngokuvumelana Schelling, kufanele libe izingxenye ezintathu. Lona ifilosofi nemvelo, epistemology (okuyinto sihlola amafomu priori ingqondo). Kodwa yinkazimulo zonke iyona kuvisisa ubunye kuncike futhi into. Lokhu Schelling apogee wayebiza ifilosofi ngokuthi wokuzimela. Ukholelwa nokuba khona Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke Ingqondo, lapho umoya kanye nohlobo nezinye polarity ziyafana.

Uhlelo futhi indlela

I sazi edume kakhulu, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ifilosofi German classical - Hegel. Chaza kafushane uhlelo lwayo nezimiso eziyisisekelo. Schelling, Hegel amukela isifundiso ungubani futhi Kant baphetha ngokuthi daba ongacimeki ukwazi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Kodwa wayekholelwa isimiso esiyinhloko zefilosofi bobunye umzabalazo eziphikisanako. Izwe kusekelwe ubuwena wokuba futhi ukucabanga, umqondo ophelele. Kodwa-ke yini ukucasha ukuphikisana. Lapho lobu bunye iqaphela ngokwayo, kuhlukanisa kanye kudala izwe lezinto (lutho, nemvelo). Kodwa lokhu Otherness namanje okhulayo ngokuvumelana nemithetho umcabango. Ngo "Science of Logic" Hegel azibheka ngayo lezi imithetho. Umthola ukuthi imiqondo enjalo njengoba akhiwa futhi isici umehluko phakathi logic letihlelekile naletingakahleleki dialectical, iziphi imithetho yokugcina. Lezi zinqubo ekucabangeni okufanayo, futhi imvelo, ngoba izwe kuyinto ekushoyo kunengqondo. Indlela esiyinhloko dialectic Hegel buye baba izigaba eziyisisekelo nemithetho okuyinto Wenyusa abethela.

triad

Ezinye izincwadi ezimbili eziphawulekayo wesazi sefilosofi German kuyinto "ifilosofi yemvelo" futhi "Phenomenology Lomoya". Kuwo, ihlola ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke Idea Otherness bese ulithumela ngokwami, kodwa esikhathini ezahlukene zentuthuko. Ifomu aphansi khona emhlabeni - izihambisimshini, kulandele i-physics, futhi ekugcineni organic. Lapho beqeda lokhu triad lo awuphumi bemvelo eba umuntu kanye nomphakathi. Ekuqaleni, uyaqaphela yena. Kulesi sigaba, kuba umoya subjective. Wabe livela amafomu yomphakathi - zokuziphatha, umthetho kanye nembuso. Umlando wesintu iphela ukuvela umoya ngokuphelele. Ubuye amafomu ezintathu ukuthuthukiswa - kuyikhono, inkolo nefilosofi.

izinto ezibonakalayo

Kodwa uhlelo Hegel sika akugcini German classical nefilosofi. Feuerbach (kafushane sizobe ukuchaza imfundiso yakhe ngezansi) ubhekwa nommeleli wayo wokugcina. Useke waba nomcwaningi ardent ka Hegel. Ekugcineni waboleka umqondo bokuhlukaniswa. Cishe zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe ayesibekela, ukuthola ukuthi yini izinhlobo zakhe nezinhlobo. Wazama ukwakha ithiyori sokunqoba eyedwa, futhi uphinde wagxeka inkolo ngokombono ezibonakalayo. Encwadini yakhe ethi ngomlando wenkolo yobuKristu, wathi indoda wadala Nkulunkulu. Ngakho kwaba khona kuhlukaniswa kwabantu kusukela ekahle. Futhi lokhu kuye kwaholela yokuthi indalo yayo yomuntu wenza into ekhonzwayo. Kufanele ithunyelwa nezifiso zabantu ukuthi ayini ngempela bafanelwe - kuzo ngokwazo kuphela. Ngakho-ke, indlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukunqoba ukona - uthando Ungakha ubuhlobo obusha phakathi kwabantu.

nefilosofi classical German. Isifinyezo uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka

Siyabona ukuthi zonke lezi zefilosofi ezahlukene uzamile ukuhlola indoda, essence injongo yakhe. Kant babekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo ekuziphatheni kwabantu kuyinto, Fichte - ukuthi asebenzayo futhi ehlakaniphile, Schelling - ukuthi singobani kuncike futhi into, Hegel - yikuphi ukuhlakanipha Feuerbach - uthando. Ekunqumeni ukubaluleka nefilosofi, nabo matasa ezahlukene, nakuba izikhundla ngokuvamile efanayo. Kant ibheka ukubaluleka ka epistemology nemigomo, Schelling - ifilosofi yemvelo, Fichte - eyala zezombusazwe, Hegel - panlogism. Feuerbach uhlola zonke nalezi zinkinga eNgosini eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kepha dialectics, zonke ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwalo, kodwa ngamunye wabo uye phambili version ayo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zokuxhumana jikelele. Lezi izinkinga main, okuyinto zibhekwa German nefilosofi classical. izici Jikelele (kafushane ezichazwe ngenhla nathi) zalesi simo emlandweni ukucabanga, ngokwenkolelo edumile, ukuthi ungomunye izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu impumelelo yamasiko eNtshonalanga Yurophu.