Ukusungulwa kwe-US-Soviet enobudlelwane: izici, umlando kanye nemiphumela

Ngemva Yenguquko 1917 Melika enqabe khona ukuqaphela uhulumeni namaSoviet. Ukusungulwa ubuhlobo US namaSoviet zamanxusa waqala ngenxa ubudlelwane ukuhweba, okuyinto akhiwa ngo-1930. A indima ebalulekile ukuzinza nokuxhumana kwakungekaNkulunkulu abameleli emibuthanweni ibhizinisi American. Kwakumelwe ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo ekusunguleni ubudlelwane bezomnotho.

Umlando enobudlelwane phakathi eU.SSR (Russia) ne-USA

Ngo-1933, 10 Okthoba, umongameli we Melika Franklin D. Roosevelt uthumele umlayezo ku-M. Kalinin, ngaleso sikhathi owayese okuthunyelwe phansi umgcinisihlalo CEC. Lo mbiko uhlongoza ukubuyisela enobudlelwane nawo. Phakathi eU.SSR ne-United States ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abanye umehluko ukuthi womabili la maqembu wafuna unqobe. Kalinin uphendule Roosevelt-17 October. Kakade phakathi no-November 1933 Maxim Litvinov, owayenguyise Commissioner eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle kanye uMongameli Melika benana amanothi olusemthethweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngaqala ukwakha enobudlelwane phakathi eU.SSR USA. Indaba yentuthuko yabo kusaqalwa kubonisa ngempela wobungane phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Njengoba inxusa lokuqala Soviet esimisiwe Aleksandra Troyanovskogo. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesekhonza ngempela owaziwa isibalo somphakathi. Kusukela inxusa lokuqala Melika kwaba Uilyam Bullit. iminyaka engu-2 kamuva, ngo-1935, 13 Julayi Trade Agreement sasayinwa phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Ngo-1937, ku-4 Agasti, izwe yasayina isivumelwano ukunikeza nomunye imodi esiphezulu umusa kwezomnotho.

WWII

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe eSoviet Union ne-United States wabambisana ngenkuthalo njengomdala amalungu anti-Hitler womanyano. Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, le amaFascist US wanquma basekelwe kwezomnotho ngoba eSoviet Union. Phakathi lokulwa, Melika eqoshiwe yokuthengisa umboleke-ukuqasha (leasehold). izingxoxo loluhlelekile ngisizwa waqala ngasekupheleni kuka-September 1941, Roosevelt wathumela Harriman (ummeleli wakhe) eMoscow. Okthoba 1, lomgomo sasayinwa phezu ukudiliva ngowokuqala eSoviet Union izinyanga 49. $ 1 billion. Ngemva kwesonto, Roosevelt uphakamise idokhumenti, owawuthi umboleke-ukuqasha enwetshiwe-USSR. Ngo-October 1941, siqalise uhlelo ukudiliva kuqala. Ekuqaleni kuka-June 1944, ulwandle kanye nomoya lokushaya wamaNgisi namaMelika wayiswa eNormandy. kwakhiwa Ngakho phambi yesibili. Ekupheleni kuka-April 1945 legatsha le 58th Guards. Infantry amaPhiko 1st Ukrainian Front, kanye 69th Infantry Division US amabutho empi wahlangana emfuleni. Elbe Ewufrathe eduze elinokukhohlakala kakhulu eliseTorgau. Ukusungulwa kweSoviet-US enobudlelwane wawubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezindaba ezihlobene ukuqondisa kokuqhuba izimpi, futhi emhlabeni ngemva kwempi. Eminyakeni yamuva, seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili zenzeka phakathi kuka-yizinhloko izingqungquthela ezintathu zase-USSR, USA naseNgilandi (Novemba 1943 - Tehran, ngo-February 1945 - Yalta, ngoJulayi-August 1945 - Potsdam).

impi yomshoshaphansi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukusungulwa ubudlelwano US-Soviet zamanxusa zazibaluleke ngoba womabili la mazwe, ngemva kwempi, izwe lalingene empeleni ahlukaniselwe ayezozibusa amabhlogo ezimbili imibuso ehlukene setepolitiki. Isikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Le nkathi yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-40 edlule. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, NATO kanye Warsaw Pact atheleka (inhlangano lenzeka amazwe we Warsaw Pact atheleka). enobudlelwane phakathi eU.SSR United States Usufike kwangqingetshe. Lowacala umbango ngoba ayezozibusa kwaholela ukunwetshwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezempi-amasu esimweni ngasinye. Yaqala izingalo uhlanga. Ngenxa yalokho, emnothweni kokubili amayunithi sisesimweni wagcizelela kakhulu.

I-Cuban Missile crisis

Kuthathwa kwesikhathi esimangalisa kunazo kusukela esikhathini lapho i-United States wokuqala owasungulwa enobudlelwane ne-USSR. Inkinga Caribbean esaphakama Okthoba 1962 Ngaleso sikhathi eSoviet Union ubeke Cuba ezicitshwayo yayo ballistic. Kwaba impendulo izinyathelo ezifanayo ngaphambilini ezithathwe Melika. US setha imicibisholo Italy ne-Turkey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Cuba wasongelwa lihlasele ngamasosha US. Besabela kuleso simemo, ubuholi Soviet kwaholela ekubeni ukulwa ukulungela zamabutho. Inkinga Caribbean hhayi kuphela engozini ukusungulwa okwengeziwe kweSoviet-US enobudlelwane, kodwa futhi wadala ingozi sokusongela kwempi yenuzi. Nokho, indlela yokuphuma watholakala ngokuzikhandla ngokuhlanganyela Nikity Hruscheva futhi Dzhona Kennedi. Inkinga kuphoqe ukuba abaholi lamazwe ukuqaphela ukuthi le ngxabano uthi kungaholela ngokufa kwaso sonke isintu. Ngemva kwengama, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi aqala ukuncipha kancane kancane. Laba baholi bobabili baqala ukukhuluma ukulinganiselwa lempi Ukwakha-up.

Inkathi détente zezombusazwe

enobudlelwane phakathi eU.SSR futhi West waqala alulame kancane kancane. Ekupheleni kuka-1960. izivumelwano ezibalulekile eziningana kwasayinwa. Ikakhulu, bamukela uhlu lwezikhalazo ku ukuxhumana okuqondile ezibiyele futhi White House (1963), Isivumelwano "Ngo nokuvimbela ukuhlolwa zenuzi ezingaphezu kokwenza emkhathini ongaphandle, ezweni ngaphansi kwamanzi" (1963), "On izimiso imisebenzi lamazwe kutsi kwehlwaywe kanye nokusetshenziswa izindikimba zasezulwini (kuhlanganise Moon), isikhala "(1967)," On the-Non-Proliferation kwezikhali zenuzi "(1968). Ngo-1970. Ngemva emihlanganweni embalwa. Ngokuhamba kula mazwe baye bamukela ukuzibophezela zamazwe amabili mayelana nezinkinga zempi ze-non-zenuzi, kwezikhali kanye komkhawulo izikhali zamasu. Ngakho, ngo-1971, kube yasayina isivumelwano ku izinyathelo zokunciphisa usongo lwempi phakathi eU.SSR USA. Ngonyaka olandelayo, isimo yasayina isivumelwano esivumela ukuba kukhawulwe isimiso sokuzivikela missile kanye Document wesiKhashana USAWOTI-1. Ngo-1974 yena yasayina isivumelwano ku izinyathelo ukunciphisa komhlaba ukuhlolwa enuzi kanye USAWOTI-2. Ngo-July 1975 ngo kohlaka hlelo isikhala wezizwe iboshiwe mkhathi "Soyuz" futhi "u-Apollo." Kwakuwusuku umcimbi emikhulu yokuqala nokubambisana Soviet-American.

Jackson-Vanik isichibiyelo

It lwemukelwa ngonyaka ofanayo lapho kusayinwa umthetho-SALT-2 - ngo-1974. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwakungekaNkulunkulu Umthetho wase-US "Ngo Trade". Kucondza ukuvinjelwa ukuhlinzekwa imodi sakubona kukuhle esiphezulu credits isimo kanye iziqinisekiso emazweni ukuthi lagodlwa noma kwephule amalungelo ezakhamizi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Lokhu isiqondiso ngokuyinhloko kwakungekaNkulunkulu eSoviet Union. ESoviet Union kuleyo minyaka, kwakukhona ukulinganiselwa yathuthela eveni. Ngemva 1985, lapho athathwa kanye azikho usesikhathini, isichibiyelo ilahlekelwe nencazelo yalo. Nokho, ngokusemthethweni ayizange kukhanselwe.

Unswinyo lokuqala

Bona ngokufanele zethulwa United States ekulweni neSoviet Union ngokuqondene ukwethulwa amabutho ku Afghanistan ngo-1979, abaphathi American lakhiwe, "Carter Imfundiso" (njengoba singasebenzi nganoma isikhathi umongameli amagama). Lalihlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana ingcindezi kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yayo enkundleni ngamazwe. Ikakhulukazi, kwatholakala ukuvimbela okusanhlamvu eU.SSR kwehle exchange Scientific, Technical kanye Namasiko. Ngo-1980, iningi amazwe uvukela Olympics eMoscow.

2009

Apreli 1 engqungqutheleni ye "amabili" eLondon kwakuwumhlangano wokuqala siqu phakathi kukaMengameli Dmitry Medvedev ekuyi nenhloko-United States uBarack Obama. Abaholi benana ukubukwa kwi-ajenda omhlaba kanye zamazwe amabili, kanye nesimiso umsebenzi nezinto ezazibaluleke nokubambisana esikhathini esizako. Ngu imiphumela emhlanganweni umongameli wenza isitatimende ngokuhlanganyela uhlaka jikelele US-Russian ubudlelwane futhi izingxoxo okunye ukwehliswa kwezintela izikhali okuhlaselayo zamasu.