Ephakeme Administrative Commission, Loris-Melikov. Ukwakheka kanye ngonyaka sokudalwa

Ukudalwa Supreme Administrative Commission isenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni zezombusazwe yeRussia. Ukuba khona kwale ndawo empeleni umzimba kubonisa ngomzamo umbuso Tsarist ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuze bakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga isimo emphakathini, ngesisekelo okuyinto kwaba ukulindela yezinguquko uhambisane kwesakhiwo.

Hlobo luni ikhomishana

Kodwa ngo-1880 amabutho umbuso tsarist kwaba ukusungulwa Supreme Administrative Commission. Kulo nyaka kwaphawulwa umzabalazo esebenzayo ngokumelene umthetho autocratic ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Phakathi mlando kunenkolelo yokuthi isizathu ukusungulwa the Commission ukuqhuma, ohlelwe nezitha tsarist Februwari 5 ngesikhathi Winter Palace.

Man, kwaba ngqo ngaphansi kwawo Ephakeme Administrative Commission - Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich. Ukwakheka umzimba nazo ezifakwe K. P. Pobedonostsev, A. K. Imeretinsky, M. S. Kahanov nezinye abavelele abaqavile emphakathini. Ukudalwa Supreme Administrative Commission, Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, kwakuhlangene isidingo lula imisebenzi ye abomthetho ku-dolobha yoMbuso Wase-Russian e ubuso ekuphumeni inhliziyo wamavukelambuso.

umsebenzi

Ephakeme Administrative Commission kwakuhloselwe ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi ahlukahlukene isimo abomthetho (kuhlanganise izinkantolo). Inhloso esemqoka nawo wonke umsebenzi lalikhulela ukuphikiswa ukuba umsebenzi wabaholi. I imisebenzi ebhekene yinhlangano, kukuqinisa uphenyo abasolwa zobugebengu ngokumelene nombuso, ekuxazululeni impikiswano isijeziso ngesimo link, ukuphathwa izikhulu zamaphoyisa aqondisa.

Nokho, phakathi kwezinceku mlando, kukhona inguqulo Loris-Melikov wangenela ngenkuthalo emsebenzini iningi inchubomgomo yembuso, kuye kwaba nomthelela ukusekela nethimba yenkosi. Futhi njengoba ukusungulwa Supreme Administrative Commission angase ahlolwa njengencenye okokugcina icala nje - izinqumo ezisemqoka zenziwa, ngandlela-thile, ngaphansi line tsarist. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, akumangalisi ukuthi yokuthi ukusungulwa Supreme Administrative Commission pretty ngokushesha kuholele ukuqedwa yayo. Loris-Melikov babenezinkinga eMnyango Wezangaphakathi.

INGEMUVA ukubukeka

Esikhathini imithombo historiographical ethandwa bathi inguqulo ukuthi izinguquko kwenziwe umbuso tsarist kule minyaka 60-70 kwekhulu le-19, kwadingeka izimpawu ukuguquguquka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwenziwe eziningi izimpawu lesichubekako: ukuthuthukiswa izici isicebi kanye nokukhula ohambisana komnotho, eqinisa isikhundla wezwe international enkundleni.

Ephakeme Administrative Commission, izazi-mlando zithi, sekukhona njengempendulo umbuso tsarist ukuba Amathrendi crisis emikhankasweni yezombusazwe - yaqala ukubonakala izinhlangano efuna ukulungisa kwamaphutha nokubusa kuleli zwe nge-izindlela wamavukelambuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu emphakathini Russian ayebenze uhlangothi kwezombusazwe, futhi kwakukhona ingozi ukuthi iseli olukhulu bayothola uzwela emehlweni izakhamuzi.

Personality Loris-Melikov

Tarielovich Mikhail Loris-Melikov wazalwa ngo-1824 e Tiflis. Umndeni wakhe elisuka Armenia. Watadisha ngesikhathi Lazarev Isikhungo Oriental Izilimi. Khona - ezikoleni lempi Petersburg. Ngo 1843-47 wakhonza e-Hussars e Grodno. iminyaka Khona ezimbalwa yena elwa eCaucasus, ngemuva kokuba yingxenye yohlelo iMpi YaseCrimea futhi okwalandela impi enkulu lempi phakathi Russia nase-Turkey. Ngemva isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi Amandla waqokwa zesikhashana umbusi-jikelele-Astrakhan, elingekude Saratov futhi Samara, ngiye ngempumelelo axazulula inkinga yokulwa kubhubhane esiyingozi esifundeni. Wayesebenza njengoba uhulumeni-Jikelele e Kharkiv, lapho waba nengxenye izinguquko apharathasi isimo. Uma eliholwa ejensi entsha uhulumeni ngokuthi Supreme Administrative Commission (1880).

Loris-Melikov, isimo kuleli zwe

Ngo Umlando wakhe ngezimo esebenza ngaphansi kwayo Ephakeme Administrative Commission, Loris-Melikov wagcizelela ukuthi kuqala kwakuwukuqhubeka eqinisekisa izakhamuzi. Futhi kuphela ke lokufeza kabusha. Isisebenzi wabhala ukuthi Russian Tsar wayecindezelwe Ezinhlangothini ahlukahlukene. Okokuqala, nge enkundleni inqubomgomo angaphandle - ayizikhondlakhondla zaphoqa umbusi ukushintsha yoMbuso WaseTurkey wasayina San Stefano ukuthula sivumelwano emigomeni okungekuhle Russia. Okwesibili, nezazi Russian yafuna ukulandelana yezinguquko: ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861, kwaba okudingekile ukuzivumelanisa khulula abantu abavamile ukuba izimo ezintsha zomnotho. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi hhayi wanqamuka olandelanayo okuqhubekayo inhliziyo yomphakathi, ukholelwa ukuthi izinguquko 1861 kwaba ayihambisani ngokoqobo Russian.

Okusalungiswa Umthethosisekelo walesi Loris-Melikov

Ngo-January 1881 Loris-Melikov okuphakanyiswe uMbusi u-Alexander II idokhumenti equkethe izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa guqula lapho, umholi umbono, babe ezanele imvelo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Izazimlando ziye ngokuthi le dokhumenti "Umthethosisekelo Loris-Melikov." Yayiqukethe isiphakamiso ukwakha ikhomishini ukulungiswa semithetho ehlobene nezindaba zezimali, ukuphathwa ezindaweni kanye kumiswa zakonosoveschatelnogo umsebenzi. Ukwakheka lezi zindikimba kumele ufake amasekela kuqokwa ku Zemstvos yesifundazwe kanye emikhandlwini yomasipala.

Injongo eyinhloko yezinguquko kwaba ukudala isikhungo ukumelwa ethandwa, sibonelo wePhalamende. Umbusi Akazange engqondweni umbono. Kodwa ngosuku lapho u-Alexander II usayine isikhalazo okusalungiswa kuhulumeni empikiswaneni yezinguquko, amaphekula "Narodnaya Volya" wenza umzamo enkosini. UMbusi wahluleka basinde.

Populists

Isakhiwo esikhulu, okuyinto, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, limelela usongo olukhulu umbuso tsarist kwaba "Narodnaya Volya". Le nhlangano kwaba isakhiwo ngasese, kodwa ukufakwa iziteshi ezitholakele e izinqubo zezepolitiki. Ngo izikhundla zawo kohlelo kuhlanganisiwe ekuthatheni izintambo ngo kwavukelwa wamavukelambuso kanye eliyifa okwalandela yezinguquko yeningi. "Narodnaya Volya" wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlaselwa - indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukuze balwisane umbuso.

Ngo-February 1880 behlela Ekuqhumeni Winter Palace, okwaholela isidingo akha isakhiwo esinjalo, oPhakeme Administrative Commission. Unyaka ka-ukudalwa umzimba, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, besihambisana nesiminyaminya amaphaphu eliphakeme yezenhlalakahle eRussia.

Umlando ukuqinisekisa ukuphoqelelwa oda eRussia

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikhathi kwaba ukusungulwa Supreme Administrative Commission - nyaka ikakhulukazi ezizivelelayo esebenzayo, okuyinto azange abe Ngokwezazi-mlando eziningi, njengoba akusho e zokubonisa ukuthi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka eyedlule, unomzimba onjalo waba prototypes zomlando. Ikakhulukazi, phakathi nekhulu le-17, inkosi sidalwe okubizwa ngokuthi Order wezasekhaya imfihlo, eklanyelwe ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ukhiye zikahulumeni nokuziphatha uphenyo ezihlobene umsebenzi osopolitiki. It yasungulwa ngesikhathi uPetru isimo oda. Isigungu seziPhathimandla inomthwalo uphenyo izibonelo ukweyisa uMbusi ubuntu, umsebenzi bangamavukela-mbuso, ukuziphatha kabi Labaqaphi. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 kwase kunesiqiniseko indikimba entsha - iHhovisi ukuphenywa kokuphulwa izimo, futhi ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa - uhambo Imfihlo yakhelwe ukuba aphenye icala lokwephulwa ekuhlelekeni komphakathi. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, izindaba sangaphakathi wonke uMbuso atholwe amagama ahlukene. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho ezweni kunesidingo yokulwisana amaqembu kakhulu impela nje, kwafika Ephakeme Administrative Commission.

Ifa zomlando eKhomishini

Phakathi mlando, kukhona inguqulo ngokuthi uMninimandla onke Administrative Commission umzimba ukuthi zazithonya ngqo kwi ukwakheka eSoviet futhi kamuva uhlelo yesimanje izikhungo zombuso komthetho. Kwezinye idatha historiographical ulwazi ukuthi waqala ngo-1917, izitho esiphikisayo-mbuso ka-uhulumeni wamaSoviet e imisebenzi yayo ayefana ncamashi kuMninimandla Administrative Commission. Khona-ke NKVD yadalwa, kwakukhona izakhiwo ezifana Wezangaphakathi futhi ama-KGB.

Ngo-1991, iziphathimandla eziye zasungulwa, owenziwe waba owasendaweni izakhiwo emsebenzini eSoviet we RSFSR. Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR kwakukhona Russian Interior Senkonzo futhi e-FSB. Ngakho, kunengqondo ukusho ukuthi bukhulu kangakanani indima zomlando sehlangano ezifana Supreme Administrative Commission: 1917-th - the wamavukelambuso - ngonyaka kwakuyinkathi yokululama ukuhlola isimo ngesakhiwo esisha ukuphikisana isimo embhikishweni, kodwa ngesisekelo salokhu okuhlangenwe nakho wakhula eSoviet futhi kamuva uhlelo yesimanje zemizimba umthetho.

Ukuhlolwa mlando

Phakathi ososayensi isiRashiya ochwepheshe ukuthi ukuhlola indima zomlando boPhezukonke Administrative Commission esimeningcondvo izinqubo wesimanje zezombusazwe. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona inguqulo amandla nenkosi futhi iqembu elibusayo eRussia namuhla indlela ukuvumela amaphutha ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvela izinhlangano amaphekula bakholwe abasekela lo mbono, futhi namuhla, bese kwaba ngenxa nangobudlova we izigwili, ukungayazi kwabo leyo isifiso lokufeza izinguquko ezidingekayo, futhi izindlela ezinokuthula. Uma uthanda into futhi yokulwisana ubuphekula, ochwepheshe bathi, ukugcizelela kudingeka kwenziwe phezu isici ngemibono ku ukulungiswa izimiso ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, lapho ukuphikiswa iseli bangamavukela-mbuso emphakathini ngeke ukwazi nomthelela labantu, esesikhundleni, isibonelo, nisekeliwe owawuholela umsebenzi.

Okubalulekile ukugcizelela mlando, umsebenzi wezinga eliphakeme amasevisi ekhethekile, hhayi nje kuphela "esiphuthumayo" Imodi - lapho abashokobezi isebenze njalo. Kulezi zindawo, ochwepheshe bakholelwa, iye aphanjaniswe uhulumeni waseRussia tsarist, futhi bachitha umsebenzi ngokwanele olunembile yemizimba isimo Russian Federation.