Expressionism ezincwadini: definition, izici eziyisisekelo, abalobi Expressionists

Umkhuba ongavamile we-avant-garde, ukuveza inkulumo, uvela phakathi ne-90s yekhulu le-19. Umsunguli wegama nguye umsunguli womagazini othi "Sturm" - H. Walden.

Abacwaningi bokuziphendulela bakholelwa ukuthi kuvezwe ngokucacile kulezi zincwadi. Nakuba kungabonakali okungakahleleki kwe-Expressionism kubonakala ekudwebeni, ihluzo nemidwebo.

Isitayela esisha ne-oda lomhlaba omusha

Ngezinguquko ekuhleleni kwezenhlalakahle nezenhlalakahle zekhulu le-20 leminyaka, ukuthambekela okusha kuvele kwezobuciko, impilo yemidlalo nomculo. Ukuveza okucacile kulezi zincwadi akuzange kugcine ukulinda. Incazelo yalesi siqondiso ayizange iphume. Kodwa izazi zombhalo zichaza i-Expressionism njengenqwaba yezifundo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezitayela ezikhulayo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwesimanje lamazwe aseYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugcina.

Ekhuluma ngokukhuluma, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho isimanje saseJalimane. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu kulokhu okwamanje isithelo sobuciko "besikole sasePrague" (ukukhuluma isiJalimane). Kuhlanganisa uK. Chapek, uP. Adler, uL. Perutz, F. Kafka, nabanye. Ngokwehluke kakhulu emibonweni yokudala yabalobi, bahlotshaniswa nesithakazelo esimweni se-claustrophobia e-idiocy-ridiculous, ama-mysterious hallucinogenic dreams. E-Russia, lesi siqondiso sakhiwe ngu-Andreev L. no-Zamyatin E.

Abalobi abaningi baphefumulelwa ngothando noma baroque. Kodwa ithonya elikhulu kakhulu lokufanekisa kweJalimane namaFulentshi (ikakhulukazi uSh. Baudelaire no-A. Rimbaud) bezizwa bekhuluma ngendlela encwadini. Izibonelo ezivela emisebenzini yanoma yimuphi umlobi-umlandeli wokubonisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kokuphila kwangempela kwenzeka ngokuqala kwefilosofi. Isiqubulo esaziwayo sabantu abathandanayo bokuthi inkulumo ethi "akuyona ilitshe eliwelayo, kodwa umthetho wegesi eliphakeme".

Ama-pathos angokwesiprofetho ayenzeka kuGeorge Heim waba yinto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ekuqaliseni ukukhuluma njengamanje. Abafundi bakhe emavesini "Ukuza okukhulu ukufa ..." ne "Impi" babona ukubikezela okungokwesiprofetho senhlekelele ezayo eYurophu.

I-Austrian yokuveza inkulumo ethi Georg Trakly nefa elincane kakhulu lezinkondlo yaba nomthelela omkhulu kuzo zonke izinkondlo zolimi lwesiJalimane. Ezinkondlweni zikaTrakla zazifanekisela izithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi, inhlekelele ngokuphathelene nokuwa kwe-oda lomhlaba kanye nosizi olujulile ngokomzwelo.

Ukuqala kokuzibonakalisa kwenzeka ngo-1914-1924. BebenguFranz Werfel, u-Albert Ehrenstein, uGottfried Benn nabanye abalobi ababekholelwa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu emaphethelweni okuqina okuqinile kwe-pacifist. Lo mkhuba ubonakala ngokukhethekile emsebenzini kaKurt Hiller. Ukubheka izinkondlo ezincwadini, izici ezisemqoka ezithatha idrama kanye neprose, zaholela ku-anthology edumile "iTwilight of Mankind", enyatheliswa enkantolo yomfundi ngo-1919.

Ifilosofi entsha

Umqondo oyinhloko wefilosofi kanye nokuhleleka kwabalandeli bezishoshovu ubolekiswe "ezigabeni ezifanele" - inkolelo yolwazi ka E. Husserl, nokuqaphela intuition ngokuthi "inkaba yomhlaba" ngu-A. Bergson ohlelweni lwakhe lokubaluleka "okubalulekile". Kukholelwa ukuthi lolu hlelo luyakwazi ukunqoba ukungahambi kahle kwezindaba zefilosofi ekugezeni okungenakwenzeka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Yingakho ukukhuluma ngezincwadi kubonakala njengombono weqiniso elingenangqondo ngokuthi "ukubonakala komgomo."

Inkulumo ethi "Ukubonakala Kwezinjongo" ivela emisebenzini yobuciko yefilosofi yaseJalimane nokuqonda okubonakalayo ngokuqondile ngokunembile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze sizitholele ezweni le "izinhlangano ezifanele", kumele siphinde siphikise okungokomoya kumbiko.

Lo mbono ufana kakhulu nomcabango wama-Symbolists, kuyilapho ukuvezwa kwezincwadi kuqondiswa ekuqondeni kwe-Bergson, ngakho-ke kuhloswe ukuthi kuphila nokungaqondakali. Ukuphumelela kokuphila nokuqonda okujulile ezingeni le-intuition kuthiwa yisikhali esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekufinyeleleni kweqiniso langempela le-cosmic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abakhombisi bezishoshovu bathi umhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo (okungukuthi, izwe langaphandle) liyanyamalala ekujabuleleni komuntu siqu futhi imfihlakalo yemfihlo "yemfihlakalo" yeminyaka eminyaka yokuba iseduze.

Ukucacisa ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20 kuhluke ngokucacile emiphakathini yokuzikhethela noma i-cubism, eyaqala cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abantu abanokungathembeki, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubaluleka kwezenhlalo, kwenza umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi yabalandeli abenza inzuzo. Zigcwele imibhikisho ngokumelene nokuqamba komphakathi zibe yintando yenhlalo kanye nezimpi, ngokumelene nokuhlukumeza komuntu ngamasevisi ezenhlalakahle kanye nezikhungo zenhlalo. Ngezinye izikhathi abalobi be-Expressionist babonisa kahle imifanekiso yesondo eliguqukayo, ngaleyo ndlela babonisa imizwelo yokuhlubuka eveza ukuhlukumezeka okwesabekayo ngaphambi kokudideka okungenakwenzeka.

Inkinga ye-oda lomhlaba njengemisebenzi yama-expressionists ibonisa ukuthi iyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko se-apocalypse, esigijima ngejubane elikhulu, ithembisa ukumbamba kokubili isintu kanye nemvelo.

Imvelaphi engokwemvelo

Ukuveza okucacile ezincwadini kubonisa isicelo sesiprofetho sezwe jikelele. Yilokho okudinga ukuhlukaniswa kwesitayela: kubalulekile ukufundisa, ukubiza nokumemezela. Kuphela ngale ndlela, ngemuva kokuqeda izimiso zokuziphatha ezithandwayo kanye nokuzikhohlisa, abalandeli bokuzibonakalisa ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukukhulula kumuntu ngamunye impikiswano, bajulise ukuzwela futhi baqinise ukukhanga konke okuyimfihlo.

Ngalokho-ke, mhlawumbe, ukuzibonakalisa kwamanye amazwe kwavela ekusungulweni kweqembu labaculi.

Abalando-mlando benkolelo bakholelwa ukuthi unyaka wokuzalwa kokukhulumisana ngo-1905. Kwakukhona kulo nyaka eDranden yaseJalimane kwakukhona inyunyana yabantu abafana nalabo abazibiza ngokuthi "iBridge" iqembu. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, abadwebi-abafundi u-Otto Müller, u-Erich Hekel, u-Ernst Kirchner, u-Emil Nolde, nabanye babuthana ndawonye. Futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1911 iqembu eliyingqayizivele elithi "The Blue Horseman" lizibikezele. Kuhlanganisa abaculi abanethonya elikhulu leminyaka lama-20: uFranz Mark, August Wenza, uPaul Klee, uVasily Kandinsky nabanye.Leli qembu lanyathelisa i-almanc eponymous kusukela ngo-March 1912, lapho ekhuluma khona ngezivivinyo ezintsha zokudala esikoleni esisha, yenze imigomo futhi ibeke imisebenzi yesiqondiso sayo.

Abameleli bokuzibonakalisa ezincwadini baye bavala ngesisekelo somagazini "Aktsion" ("Action"). Ukukhishwa kokuqala kwanyatheliswa eBerlin ekuqaleni kwawo-1911. Kwakukhona izingqungquthela kanti namanje akuzona ama-playwrights awaziwa kakhulu, kodwa izihlubuki ezivele zikhanyayo zalesi siqondiso: Toller E., uFrank L., Beher I. njll.

Izici zokuzibonakalisa izinto zazimnandi kakhulu ezincwadini zesiJalimane, e-Austrian naseRussia. Ama-expressionist aseFrance aboniswa imbongi uPeter Garnier.

I-Poet-Expressionist

Umbongi walesi siqondiso uthole umsebenzi "i-Orpheus". Lokhu kungukuthi, kumele abe ngumlingo, ophikisana nokungalaleli amathishu amathanga, afika engqondweni yangaphakathi yangempela yalokho okwenzekayo. Into eyinhloko yombongi uyisisekelo, esivela kusukela ekuqaleni, hhayi isimo sangempela ngokwayo.

Umlobi yi-caste ephakeme, indawo ephakeme. Akufanele ahlanganyele "ezindabeni zesixuku". Yebo, kanye ne-pragmatism, nokuntuleka kwesimiso kufanele kube khona ngokuphelele kulo. Yingakho, njengoba abasekeli bezenzo zokukholwa bekholelwa ukuthi, kulula ukuba imbongi ikwazi ukufinyeleleka ekudumeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo emhlabeni jikelele "zezinto ezinhle".

Kuphela isenzo sezenzo zobuciko bokudala, abathandekayo bokukhuluma, kuthiwa yiyona ndlela kuphela eqinisekile yokuguqula umhlaba wezinto ukuze uyihambise.

Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi iqiniso lime ngaphezu kobuhle. Imfihlo, ulwazi oluyimfihlakalo lwe-Expressionists lugqoke emifanekisweni ngokukhuphuka okukhulu, okudalwe ingqondo njengokungathi kunesimo sokudakwa ngokweqile noma ukukhwabanisa.

I-ecstasy ye-Creative

Ukwakha abahlakaniphile kulolu lwazi ukudala ubuciko esimweni sokuzithoba okukhulu, esekelwe esimweni sokujabula, ukuhlaziya nokushintsha kwemizwa yombongi.

Ukucacisa ezincwadini akuyona into ecacile, lokhu kucabanga okungenakuqhathaniswa nokungenakuphumula, akuyona ukucabangela into, kepha isimo esimnandi sombono wemifanekiso.

I-Expressionist yesiJalimane, u-theorist wakhe nomunye wabaholi uKazimir Edshmid bakholelwa ukuthi imbongi yangempela ibonisa, futhi ayibonisi iqiniso. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi yombhalo ngesitayela sokuthi ukubonisana nomzimba kubangelwa ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo nento yokuzijabulisa komphefumulo. I-Expressionists ayizibopheli ngokunakekelwa kokulungiswa kwefomu elivezwe.

Ukubaluleka kwemibono yolimi lokulingiswa kwezobuciko kuma-expressionists kuphazamiseka, futhi kuvame ukuba kubi, okuvela ngenxa yokungabi nesikhumba sangaphandle kanye nempi eqhubekayo yokuphikisa indaba. Ukuphazamiseka okunjalo akugcini nje ukuguqula izici zangaphandle zezwe. Inikeza umphumela odabukisayo futhi uyamangaza ngokubukeka kwemifanekiso edalwe.

Futhi lapha kucacile ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko wokukhulumisana nomuntu ukuvuselelwa komphakathi wesintu nokufeza ubunye nomhlaba wonke.

"Iminyaka eyishumi ekhuluma ngokucacile" ezincwadini zolimi lwesiJalimane

EJalimane, njengakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukubonakaliswa kwezenzo kubonakala ngemuva kokushaqeka okubudlova emkhakheni wezenhlalo nezenhlalakahle owaphazamisa izwe kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lokugcina. Isiko lesiJalimane kanye nokubhala izincwadi kwakungumcimbi oqhakazile kusukela eminyakeni eyi-10 ukuya kweyamashumi amabili ekhulwini lama-20.

Ukuvezwa kwezincwadi ezincwadini zesiJalimane kwakuyisenzo sabakwa-intelligentsia ezinkingeni zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, inhlangano ka-November eguquguqukayo eJalimane nokuqothulwa kobuso bamaTsarist eRussia ngo-Okthoba. Izwe langaphambili lahlehla, futhi enye entsha ibonakala ku-wreckage yayo. Abalobi, ngaphambi kokubona lokhu kuguqulwa kwenzeka, bazizwa behluleka ukuhleleka komyalelo okhona futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubumpofu obusha kanye nokungenakwenzeka kwanoma iyiphi intuthuko emphakathini omusha.

Inkulumo yamaJalimane yayigqoke umlingisi okhanyayo, ovukelayo, olwahlukumezekayo. Kodwa ngenkathi eveza ukungapheleli kwenqubo ye-capitalist, i-Expressionists yembula lokho okuhlongozwayo endaweni, uhlelo olungabonakali, olungaqondakali nolunqabile lwezenhlalo nezombusazwe olukwazi ukuvuselela umoya wesintu.

Ukungaqondi ngokugcwele imibono ye-proletariat, abakhombisi bemvelo babakholelwa ekupheleni komthetho wezwe. Ukufa kwesintu kanye nenhlekelele ezayo kuyisihloko esiyinhloko semisebenzi yabalandeli bamazwi ngesikhathi sokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kungabonakala ngokucacile kumazwi kaG. Traklya, H. Heim noFerfel. UJan Van Godis wasabela ezenzakalweni ezenzeka ezweni kanye nezwe, leli vesi elithi "Ukuphela Kwezwe". Futhi ngisho nemisebenzi yokuhlukumeza ibonisa idrama yonke yesimo (K. Kraus "Izinsuku zokugcina zobuntu").

Izinhloso zobuhle zokuzibonakalisa zibuthelwa ngaphansi kwephiko labo elihlukile kakhulu kwezobuciko, ukuthanda izinto kanye nemigomo yezombangazwe yabalobi: kusukela kuFul Wolf no-I. Becher, owamukela imibono ye-revolutionary reorganization of the community, uG. Jost, owabe eseyimbongi enkantolo yeRussia yesithathu.

UFranz Kafka ufana nokukhuluma

UFranz Kafka ubizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi isichazamazwi sokukhuluma. Ukuqiniseka kwakhe ukuthi umuntu uhlala ezweni elimthandayo kakhulu, umqondo womuntu awukwazi ukunqoba izikhungo eziphikisayo, ngakho-ke, ukufeza injabulo akunakwenzeka, ingumqondo oyinhloko wokuzibonakalisa emvelweni.

Umlobi ukholelwa ukuthi asikho isizathu sokuba lowo muntu abe nethemba futhi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokho, ayikho ithemba lokuphila. Kodwa-ke, emisebenzini yakhe uKafka wayefuna ukuthola into engashintshi: "ukukhanya" noma "okungenakuqedwa."

Umlobi weNqubo "edumile" ibizwa ngokuthi imbongi yezingxabano. Izwe elizungezile laliyesabeka kakhulu. UFranz Kafka wayesaba amandla emvelo ukuthi isintu sesivele sinalo. Ukudideka kwakhe nokwesaba kulula ukuyiqonda: abantu, abangaphansi kwemvelo, babengakwazi ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, balwa, babulalana, bachitha imizi kanye namazwe futhi abavumelani ukuba bajabule.

Kusukela enkathini yezinkolelo zemvelaphi yezwe, umlobi wezinkolelo zekhulu lama-20 uhlukaniswa cishe eminyakeni engama-35 yempucuko. Izinkolelo zeKafka zigcwele ukwesaba, ukuphelelwa ithemba nokuphelelwa ithemba. Isiphetho somuntu kakade asikona kumuntu ngokwakhe, kodwa kwamanye amandla angaphandle, futhi ahlukanisa kalula nomuntu ngokwakhe.

Umuntu, umlobi ukholelwa ukuthi, yindalo yomphakathi (uma kungenjalo ayinakwenzeka), kodwa ngumyalelo womphakathi owenza ngokuphelele isimo somuntu.

Ukucacisa ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20 kumuntu kaKafka uyayibona futhi uyayiqaphela ukungavikeleki nokwehluleka komuntu ezikhungweni zezenhlalakahle nezenhlalakahle azenzile futhi azilawulwa. Ubufakazi buyabonakala: lo muntu ngokuzumayo uwe ngaphansi kophenyo (ukuvikelwa ngaphandle kokuba namalungelo!), Noma ngokuzumayo baqala ukuba nesithakazelo kubantu "abangajwayelekile", abalawula ukungafihleki, kanye nalawo mandla amnyama angawazi. Umuntu olawulwa yizikhungo zezenhlalakahle nezenhlalakahle kalula uzizwa ukungabi namalungelo, kanti konke okukhona kwenza imizamo engaphumelela yokuvunyelwa ukuba iphile futhi ibe kuleli zwe elingalungile.

U-Kafka wamangala ngesipho sakhe sokuqonda. Lokhu kubizwa ngokukhethekile emsebenzini (oshicilelwe ngemuva) "Inqubo". Kulo, umlobi ubona ama-crazies amasha ekhulwini lama-20, enamandla emandleni awo okubhubhisa. Enye yazo yinkinga yokuzibusa, ukuthola amandla, njengefu levunguvungu, iqinisa isibhakabhaka sonke, kuyilapho umuntu engakwazi ukuzivikela ngenambuzane engapheli. Eqinisweni, ukusetha ngokufutheka-enonya, kubhubhisa ngokuphelele umuntu kumuntu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izwe lizobhujiswa.

Umoya Wokubonakalisa ERussia

Isiqondiso esimweni saseYurophu, esakhiwe engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, asikwazanga ukuphazamisa izincwadi zaseRussia. Ababhali, abasebenza kusukela ngo-1850 kuze kube sekupheleni kwaminyaka ka-1920, baphendule ngokuqinile ukungabi nabulungisa kwe-bourgeois kanye nenkinga yomphakathi yalesi sikhathi, okwavela ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nokushaya okuqhubekayo.

Kuyini ukukhuluma ngamazwi? Ngamafuphi, lokhu kuyi-mutiny. Intukuthelo yavela ekungcoleni umphakathi. Lokho, kanye nesitatimende esisha mayelana nenani elikhona lomoya womuntu, laliseduze emoyeni, emasiko kanye namasiko ukuze kutholakale izincwadi zesiRashiya ngokuyinhloko. Indima yakhe njengomesiya emphakathini yaboniswa ngemisebenzi engapheli yeN.V. I-Gogol no-F.M. I-Dostoevsky, ngokusebenzisa izikhwama ezinhle ze-MA. I-Vrubel ne-NN Ge, ngokusebenzisa i-world wonke VF Komissarzhevskaya and A.N. Scriabin.

Ngokucacile okulandelwa kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esikude kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi ukuzalwa kwamaRussia ku-"Dream of a funny man" ku-F. Dostoevsky, "Inkondlo Ye-Ecstasy" ka-A. Scriabin, "I-Red Flower" ka-V. Garshin.

I-Russian Expressionists yafuna ubuqotho bomhlaba wonke, emisebenzini yabo bazama ukufaka "umuntu omusha" ngolwazi olusha, kunokuba basize ukuhlanganisa wonke umphakathi wezamasiko nobuciko waseRussia.

Abahlaziyi bezincwadi bagcizelela ukuthi i-Expressionism ayizange ibe yindlela yokuzimela ehlukile. Ivele ibonakale ngokuzihlukanisa kwama-poetics kanye ne-stylization, ekhulayo phakathi kwezindiza ezahlukahlukene ezisekhona kakade, kunokukwenza imingcele yabo ibe yinto ecacile, futhi ibe nemibandela.

Ngakho-ke, ake sithi, ukukhulumisana, okuzalwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yobuqiniso, kwaholela emisebenzini kaLeonid Andreev, imisebenzi ka-Andrei Bely yaqhamuka kumkhuba we-Symbolist, ama-acmeist uMikhail Zenkevich noVladimir Narbut bakhipha ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi yezinkondlo ngezingqikithi ezicacile zokukhuluma, futhi uVladimir Mayakovsky, njenge-futurist, naye wabhala Indlela yokukhuluma.

Ukuvelela ezweni laseRussia

NgesiRashiya, okokuqala igama elithi "ukuveza inkulumo" lalibikiwe "endabeni ye-Chekhov" ethi "Booty". I-heroine yenza iphutha, isebenzisa "abama-expressionists" esikhundleni se-"impressionists". Abacwaningi bemibono yaseRussia bakholelwa ukuthi kuhlangene futhi kuhlangene ngokungafani nokukhuluma kweYurophu yakudala, eyakhiwa ngesisekelo se-Austrian, kodwa inkulumo engaphezulu yamaJalimane.

Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, lokhu sekwandile eRussia, befika ngisemncane kakhulu futhi ababhubhayo kamuva kakhulu "eyishumi Expressionism" izincwadi ulimi German-. Expressionism Russian izincwadi owaqala ngokuvukela ukushicilelwa indaba Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" ngo-1901, futhi yaphela nge ukusebenza "eMoscow Parnassus" kanye emotsionalistov iqembu ngo-1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - a expressionism sihlubuki Russian

isiqondiso okusha ngokushesha kakhulu ukuthatha elaseYurophu, hhayi kwesokunxele sibukela futhi Russian simondzawo etemibhalo. Uyise ekusungulweni Expressionism eRussia ubhekwa leonid Andreev.

Encwadini yakhe ethi wokuqala, umbhali ihlaziya ngokujulile ngokoqobo okukhulu esasimngungile. ngokucacile kakhulu lokhu kubonakala imisebenzi ekuqaleni: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Kakade lapha ongakwazi ukulandelela izisusa eyinhloko umbhali.

"Ukuphila Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" futhi indaba "The Wall" ukudweba ngokuningiliziwe lokho kugxeka kombhali emqondweni womuntu kanye nekungabata kakhulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto zokuzilibazisa zakhe ukuba zibe nokholo futhi spiritualism Andreev wabhala edumile "UJuda Iskariyothe."

Ekuqaleni ukunyakaza yezinguquko nombhali nozwela sina ukuhamba wamavukelambuso, kanti ngenxa yalokho kukhona izindaba "Ivan Ivanovich," "uMbusi" kanye play "Ukuze Izinkanyezi".

Ngemva esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi, lokusungula Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha kwenza ube esejika. Ixhumeke nge ekuqaleni ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso ngo-1907. Umlobi reconsiders imibono yakhe futhi uyaqonda ukuthi nezibhelu mass, ngaphandle njengoba sisezinhlungwini esikhulu abalimala mass, baba yize umthofu. Lezi zenzakalo zichazwe "I Seven Ubani babebethelelwe eminqamlezweni".

Indaba "The Red Laugh" uyaqhubeka baveze imibono yombhali phezu izenzakalo ezenzeka isimo. Umsebenzi uchaza izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini ngesisekelo izenzakalo ka 1905 impi Russian-Japanese. Awujabuli omisiwe emhlabeni ukuze namaqhawe alungele ukuya ukuvukela sokungalalelwa kwemithetho, kodwa kalula njengoba nje kungase phinda futhi yekwentiwa.

imisebenzi yakamuva kakhulu umbhali benamandla nomqondo yokunqoba ngamandla angaphezu kwemvelo nezidalwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu.

Thumela scriptum

Ngokusemthethweni, le expressionism German njengoba mkhuba etemibhalo ubunile phakathi nawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Nokho, akusiyo yimuphi omunye, uye waba nomthelela obalulekile esikweni kwezincwadi izizukulwane olandelayo.