Landing kwi inkanyezi enomsila. Yini ososayensi baye bakhiqiza ukufika Uphenyo phezu a inkanyezi enomsila?

Ngu zonke izinkomba, siye angena enkathini okutholakale muva. Abaningi ngonyaka odlule ngomoya bated ukubukela mission "Rosetta". Landing kwi enomsila, owokuqala emlandweni, kwaba ukusebenza nzima, kanye lonke uhlelo lonke. Nokho, lobu bunzima zingayinciphisi ukubaluleka kokubili umcimbi nedatha isivele ekhishwe futhi namanje sinikeza Uphenyo Isikhala. Kungani-ke kwakudingeka cababa phezu inkanyezi enomsila futhi yini imiphumela letfolakele e isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.

Imfihlakalo main

Asiqale ekude. Enye yezinselelo main ezibhekene nomhlaba wonke ngokwesayensi - baqonde ukuthi nomthelela ukuvela lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kusukela ezinsukwini zasendulo ngale ndaba uzwakalise amaningi nemibono. Enye inkolelo-mbono yesimanje uthi it is hhayi indima sokugcina eyadlalwa enomsila, eziningi ukuwa emhlabeni ngesikhathi lasungulwa. Kukholakala ukuthi nazo zingaba abanikezeli amanzi amangqamuzana angokwemvelo.

ubufakazi ekuqaleni

umbono ocatshangelwayo okunjalo ngokwako olungisisa isithakazelo esikhulu ososayensi, bokufundwa biology, ukuze lezinkanyezi ezinomsila. Nokho, zikhona namanje imizuzwana embalwa ezithakazelisayo. Tailed isikhala izinto kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa isikhala ulwazi olwanele ezinemininingwane ngalokho okwenzeka kuzo lapho kusaqalwa kakhulu ukwakheka zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kakhulu kwakhiwa. Ngakho, ukufika phezu inkanyezi enomsila kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ngokoqobo uhlole le ndaba lapho kwamiswa yonke, slice kwethu iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi ezine edlule (futhi akukho umshini isikhathi akudingekile).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha motion inkanyezi enomsila, ukubunjwa yayo nokuziphatha ngesikhathi indlela eya Sun inika omkhulu inani Imininingwane ngalezi izinto isikhala ikuvumela uhlole eziningi ezizathwini nemibono ngokwesayensi.

icala umlando

Ngokwemvelo, tailed "ezihambini" eziye zahlolisiswa ngosizo iziphuphutheki. eziyisikhombisa zafinyelela by lezinkanyezi ezinomsila ayekade uzibophezele, lapho izithombe zithathwe khona, uya ulwazi oluthile. Lawa kwakungamadodana ngokunembile emabhulohweni inqobo enomsila ukwesekwa - engathí kuyinkimbinkimbi. Esikhathini abavukuzi 80 ezifana lawa kwakungamadodana US-European umshini ICE neSoviet "Vega". Owokugcina mihlangano eyenzeka ngo-2011. Khona idatha kwi caudate isikhala into eqoqwe Stardust kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita.

ucwaningo Langaphambilini akuniké ososayensi nengcebo yokwaziswa, kodwa eziningi izinkinga lokho kwakunganele okungenhla ngokuba ukuqonda imininingwane lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye impendulo. Kancane kancane, ososayensi aye aqaphela isidingo hambisa ngokwanele ngokugqamile - mission isikhala enhlanganweni enomsila kulandele lokufikela uphenyo phezulu.

Ohlukile mission

Ukuze ukuthola umuzwa kanjani kokufika phezu inkanyezi enomsila akuyona operation lula, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi zonke lena umzimba eyenzeke emkhathini. It hurtles ngokusebenzisa isikhala ngesivinini, ngezinye izikhathi ukufinyelela abangamakhulu amaningana amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana. Ngakho umsila enomsila, ezakhiwe umzimba esondela ilanga futhi enhle kangaka ubuka umhlaba inhlanganisela igesi nothuli. Konke lokhu kube inkimbinkimbi kakhulu hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi ukuhamba enkambweni ngokulinganisa. Kuyadingeka nokulinganisa ijubane imoto ngejubane into bese ukhetha isikhathi esifanele zokusondelana: I eduze Sun, inkanyezi enomsila, ekushayweni ebusweni namandla. Futhi kuphela ke lihlala phezu inkanyezi enomsila kungaba kwenziwe, okuzoba more xaka, kanye nemazinga laphasi gravity.

into Ukukhethwa

Zonke lezi zimo kukwenza kudingeke indlela obuphelele ngezindaba ukukhetha izimpokophelo mission. Landing phezu inkanyezi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko - hhayi ukhetho lokuqala. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi uphenyo "Rosetta" izothunyelwa kuya Wirtanen inkanyezi enomsila. Nokho, izinhlelo liphazamisa icala: ngaphambi nje kulindeleke Dispatch injini ukwahluleka rocket yenethiwekhi "Ariane 5". Ukuthi kwakudingeka alethe "Rosetta" emkhathini. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwethulwa lihlehliselwe futhi-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ukhethe into entsha. Nabo futhi abe inkanyezi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko, noma 67P.

Lokhu into isikhala esatholakala ngo-1969 futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha Laba. Libhekisela inani iDemo-inkathi lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, futhi kwenza umuntu revolution emhlabeni Sun kweminyaka engaba ngu-6.6. Lutho ikakhulukazi 67P emangalisayo ihlukile, kodwa likwazi kahle wafunda indlela indiza, asikho ngaphezu emzileni Jupiter. Kwahamba kuze kuye futhi "Rosetta" Mashi 2, 2004.

"Ukugcwalisa" mkhathi

Ucwaningo "Rosette" athwalwe emkhathini semali imishini senzelwe Imiphumela yocwaningo kanye kokuwalungisa. Phakathi kwazo kunane-ikhamera ukuthi kungaba thatha emisebeni engxenyeni ultraviolet bohlu, futhi ama-apharathasi ezidingekayo ukuze Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi inkanyezi enomsila kanye nokuhlaziywa umhlabathi, futhi amathuluzi lapho kutadishwa emkhathini. Nje "Rosetta" Into eyayiyigugu 11 amathuluzi esayensi.

Endaweni ehlukile, udinga ukumisa phezu kwe-module Uzalo "Fila" - okwakungelayo afeze kokwehla on inkanyezi enomsila. Ingxenye imishini zobuchwepheshe yafakwa ngqo kuso, ngoba-ke kwakudingekile ukufunda into isikhala ngokuqondile ngemva kokwehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Phylen" ifakwe harpoons ezintathu for nenkanuko edlulele okunokwethenjelwa phezu emva emva "Rosette". Landing kwi enomsila, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, lihlotshaniswa nobunzima ezithile. Amandla adonsela phansi abe amancane ukuze ngokungabi bikho ezengeziwe kokungathembeki module engozini of bedukile emkhathini.

eside Indlela

Landing kwi enomsila ngo-2014 kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe iminyaka eyishumi umsebenzi "Rosetta" uphenyo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, waba ukuba kahlanu kude Earth, flying eduze Mars, wahlangana asteroyidi ezimbili. izithombe langa kuthathwe uphenyo ngalesi sikhathi, waphinda ukukhunjuzwa ubuhle bemvelo futhi yonke ezingxenyeni zalo ezihlukahlukene.

Nokho, kungase kube umbuzo okunengqondo: kungani "Rosetta" ngakho eside ejikeleza yesimiso sonozungezilanga? Kuyacaca ukuthi izithombe kanye nenye idatha eqoqwe ngesikhathi indiza, kwakungafanele injongo yakhe, kodwa kunalokho babe ibhonasi emnandi futhi ezithakazelisayo kubacwaningi. Inhloso yalesi iqhinga - kuyiwe inkanyezi enomsila ngemuva futhi wazi ijubane. imiphumela iminyaka eyishumi ngesikhathi indiza lalizoba ukuguqulwa langempela le "Rosetta" e enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko satellite.

Kuhlangana

Manje, ngo-Ephreli 2015, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukufika probe on inkanyezi enomsila sisonke kuphumelele. Nokho, ngo-Agasti nyakenye, uma umshini kuphela ikhishwe umzila wokuzungeza komhlaba nendikimba esemkhathini, washeshe waphenduleka ngaphezulu kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa esizayo esiseduze.

Uphenyo lawela phezu inkanyezi enomsila Novemba 12, 2014. Zokutshala balandela cishe umhlaba wonke. Undocking "Fila" kwaba yimpumelelo. Izinkinga zaqala ngesikhathi kokwehla: harpoons akusebenzanga futhi umshini akakwazi ukuthola ukusizakala phezu. "Fila" kabili labhampa off the inkanyezi enomsila, kanye kuphela okwesithathu ungase uhambe phansi, futhi kokuba ephonswe usendaweni kokwehla okuhloswe mayelana ikhilomitha elilodwa.

Ngenxa yalokho, lo module "Fila" eziye zanyatheliswa kuyi endaweni lapho cishe musa ukungena imisebe yelanga, ezidingekayo ukuze ubuyise ibhethri amandla. Uma zithi cababa on a inkanyezi enomsila ngeke baphumelele ngokuphelele, umshini kwaba ifakwe ngebhethri, kubalwa amahora 64. Wayesebenza amahora engaphansana nje kwengu-57, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, "Fila" nikwenzile cishe konke, lokho yadalwa.

Imiphumela

Landing phezu inkanyezi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko ukuvumele ososayensi ukuthola idatha olunzulu ngale umzimba eyenzeke emkhathini. Abaningi babo baye ingakamiswa kusetshenzwe noma ledzinga kuhlatiywa, kodwa imiphumela yokuqala kakade wethulwa emphakathini jikelele.

Umzimba wahlola ukuma yangaphandle efana duck iraba (kokufika phezu inkanyezi enomsila ku Kusolwa endaweni "ikhanda"): ezimbili ubukhulu engaqhathaniswa izingxenye imikiswe axhunyiwe ngumuntu mdweshu emincane. Enye yezinselelo ezibhekene akhona, - basiqonde isizathu i ngalé obungajwayelekile. Namuhla ukubeka phambili imibono eyayisinesikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko: noma umphumela ukushayisana phakathi izindikimba ezimbili, noma ekwakhekeni Isthmus kuholele ukuguguleka izinqubo. Okwamanje, impendulo ngqo ingemukelwa. Ngokwenza ucwaningo, "Fila" kuphela eyaziwa ngokuthi ezingeni gravity on inkanyezi enomsila akufani. Isibalo eliphakeme kubonakala engxenyeni engenhla ikhenela, kanye kencanikhulu -. Vele kule "entanyeni"

Umfanekiso oqoshiwe Sakhiwo sangekhatsi futhi

Module "Fila" atholakala ku ukwakheka enomsila ezahlukene ebusweni ukubukeka efana izintaba zesihlabathi. Ngo ngezithako zawo, iningi labo are inhlanganisela ice nothuli. Hills kuze kufinyelele 3 metres, okuthiwa the ukukhasa at 67P ivamile impela. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi kwakhiwa kusaqalwa kumiswa sonozungezilanga futhi kungaba beyomboza nezinye izindikimba ezinjalo yasezulwini.

Njengoba i-probe on inkanyezi enomsila wawa ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono, ososayensi besaba ukuqala kuhlelwe imishini kwamanzi. Nokho, namanje zenzeka. Kwavela ukuthi ngaphansi ungqimba phezulu kuyinto ehlukile, ayazika. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwenziwa ice. Ngo umusa lokhu nokucabanga vibration ukuhlaziywa, fixed iyunithi ngesikhathi kokwehla. Nokho spectrographs izithombe ukubonisa isilinganiso ngokungalingani organic compounds kanye ice: Okokuqala ngokucace kakhudlwana. It kungahlali ne ezizathwini of ososayensi abumbe ukungabaza ngokuthi version of umsuka inkanyezi enomsila. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi kwamiswa esimisweni sonozungezilanga, eduze Jupiter. Kodwa isifundo kwezithombe, refutes lo mbono: ngokusobala, 67P kwakheka Kuiper Belt, etholakala ngale emzileni Neptune.

umsebenzi usaqhubeka

Mkhathi "Rosetta" Balandela ngokuseduze imisebenzi module "Fila" kuze ebuthongweni bakhe, akazange ashiye le inkanyezi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko kuze kube manje. Waqhubeka ukubukela into, futhi ukuthumela idatha emuva Earth. Ngakho, inani yemfanelo yayo zihlanganisa nenkanuko edlulele uthuli negesi ekushayweni, okwandisa njengoba eya le inkanyezi enomsila elangeni.

Ngaphambili, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi imbangela enkulu yokuthola lezi kwekhabhoni yiyona okuthiwa entanyeni inkanyezi enomsila. Isizathu salokhu kungenzeka amandla adonsela phansi ongaphakeme kule ndawo futhi umphumela ekuqongeleleni amandla elanga ezivukayo lapha kubonakala ezigabeni eduze. Ngo-March walo nyaka, "Rosetta" futhi iqoshwe ekushayweni uthuli negesi kuneqiniso ezithakazelisayo ukuthi yenzeka ohlangothini amnyama (njengoba umthetho, izenzakalo ezinjalo zibangelwa Ukushisa kwamanzi, okungukuthi, ohlangothini libalele we inkanyezi enomsila). Zonke lezi zinqubo netimphawu 67P uhlala ukuba kuchazwe, kuyilapho okuqoqiwe uyaqhubeka.

Eyokuqala emlandweni wesintu siwela phezu a inkanyezi enomsila kwaba umphumela umsebenzi inqwaba ososayensi, ochwepheshe, onjiniyela kanye nabaqambi ngoba cishe engamashumi amane. Namuhla, mission "Rosetta" yaziwa njengenye omunye izenzakalo ezibalulekile kakhulu engu isikhala. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho akhona abaqondile abuqede lokhu. Phakathi imigomo emikhulu yokuthola Ngokuzayo zihlanganisa ukudalwa module Uzalo ukuthi uzokwazi ukuhambisa phezu lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, nemikhumbi-mkhathi ukuthi afike eduze ukuze into, ukuqoqa amasampula enhlabathi sokuwabuyisela Earth. Ngokuvamile, iphrojekthi yimpumelelo "Rosetta" ukhuthaza ososayensi ukuba Uhlelo ngokuya ngokugqamile sokuthuthukiswa izimfihlakalo yonke.