Abantu kuqala: imicabango, imibono, ubufakazi

Umbuzo ngemvelaphi yomuntu ukuvela emhlabeni wawobaba sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningi, uhlala omunye impikiswano kakhulu. Uvele phakathi XIX leminyaka umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa yizincwadi zikaDarwin, owawuthi abantu bokuqala babefana lutho like okhokho nezinkawu, hhayi kuphela ithe "i", kodwa kunalokho, uye eyaqanjwa igagasi elisha imibuzo nokungabaza.

Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule umbuzo lapho luqala ukuvela eMhlabeni abantu kufanele ichaze ngokucacile ukuthi ungubani-ke kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe womuntu ngempela, kodwa umuntu - kwenkawu kuphela. Ngokuphathelene kulezi zici ngezikhathi kukhuphukele emakhaleni ami izingxoxo kakhulu, kodwa ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi i-Homo bohlobo konke hominids, ubuchopho lunamandla ka 600 cm cubic. Kulokhu, abantu bokuqala emhlabeni - eziyihlazo Homo habilis izinsalela okuyinto esukela emuva le zamatshe mayelana mibili eziyisigidi nesigamu edlule.

Kuyinto kule nkathi ukubukeka lokuqala ngamathuluzi, okuyinto edingekayo ukudidiyelwa ukunyakaza kanye nokuqondisa abanekhono phezu umsebenzi wezandla neminwe. Akekho inkawu ubuchopho, ngenhlanhla, ingeqi 400 cubic amasentimitha, ukwenza lo msebenzi ngeke bakwazi.

Nokho, uma sithatha njengesisekelo yokuthi abantu bokuqala - ke-Homo habilis, pho, ngubani ukhokho wawo oqondile? Ngokusho kwemibiko yamuva, zingabantu inkawu ezimbili ezinemilenze Afrika, naye owayekulelo omunye zezintaka Australopithecus.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e eziningi idatha yabo yokwakheka kwenkawu ezimbili ezinemilenze eduze gorilla yesimanje kanye nama-chimpanzee, base yomkhaya oyingqayizivele, bokuthi okuyinto - ukuhamba nokusetshenziswa nemilenze yangemuva kuphela - nomthelela ukwenyuka kancane ubungako bobuchopho kanye kwemvelo zabo zokuhlukumeza homo sapiens.

Abantu bokuqala - Homo habilis - musa akukashintshi: ukwenyuka kancane ubungako bobuchopho uye kwaholela ekwakhekeni izici ezintsha ezingasho bebelokhu ezingafinyeleleki ngokuphelele okhokho babo anthropoid. Ngakho, emva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa ngemva isingeniso bayo, "indoda Ukugunda" kwathathelwa indawo "Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba" - of Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba. Lezi zidalwa savela izingxenye zobuchopho, okuyothi kwahlelwa izenzo zabo phambili, kanye nalabo amathuluzi, okuyinto kwadingeka ekugcineni ukudaleka. Ikakhulukazi, amathuluzi itshe babe enenjongo kakhudlwana futhi functional: baqala ukuba ngensimbi nhlangothi zombili futhi uthathe ngesimo Canine.

Eyokuqala abantu yesimanje savela emhlabeni eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane edlule. Ayelokhu anda kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne okufanayo habilis noma erectus ekugcineni ubuchopho ukuvumele hhayi kuphela ukuba nguchwepheshe kuwo wonke izinhlobo eziyisisekelo yezandla, kodwa futhi wakhonza njengoba isisekelo ukuvela psyche futhi ukucabanga, njengoba kuboniswa le ezitholakala kwezakhi okuqondene nalesi sikhathi, imidwebo wokuqala nezinsimbi zomculo.

Abantu lokuqala ukuvela nokuthuthuka kwazo ukuthi uyimfihlakalo, isithakazelo engasekelwa fade naphakade. Ukuvela ezihlukahlukene izinguqulo - kusukela ngomsunguli waphezulu ngaphambi kokufika njengabafokazi - umise ososayensi inkinga yokuthola izinsalela omusha wabantu niwalethe ukuchaza izindlela futhi esebenzisa emikhakheni ehlukene kolwazi.