I Abadali hydrogen. Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrogen e-USSR, US, North Korea

Hydrogen noma iArmagedoni ibhomu isibe legumbi izingalo uhlanga phakathi e-US nase-USSR. Laba bobabili ayizikhondlakhondla iminyaka eminingi bephikisana ngokuthi ubani kuyoba umnikazi wakhe wokuqala uhlobo olusha izikhali ezibhubhisayo.

izikhali iArmagedoni iphrojekthi

Ekuqaleni iMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwaba uvivinyo lwangempela we-hydrogen ngobuholi Soviet agumenti ezibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni e-United States. Moscow ungathanda bayoke zenuzi nge Washington bafakwa uhlanga izingalo imali eningi. Nokho, umsebenzi ngaphakathi dalo of hydrogen is awukaqali ngenxa uxhaso nesandla esivulekile, kodwa ngenxa imibiko ejenti ngasese eMelika. ku ezibiyele ngo-1945 sathola ukuthi e-United States elungiselela isikhali entsha. Kwaba superbomb, umtlamo ethiwa Super.

Umthombo ulwazi oluyigugu kwaba Klaus Fuchs - umsebenzi Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. Wanika eSoviet Union ulwazi oluthile mayelana imfihlo American ukuthuthukiswa superbomb. Ngu 1950 Super iphrojekthi waphonswa inqola yokuthenga, njengoba izazi Western, kwaba sobala ukuthi leli cebo izikhali entsha ayikwazi igcwaliseke. Inhloko lolu hlelo kwaba Edward Teller.

Ngo-1946, uKlaus Fuchs futhi Dzhon Fon Neyman bahlakulele umqondo yephrojekthi lobunikazi uhlelo Super siqu. Lilonke nje entsha e kwaba isimiso Implosion enemisebe. Ngo-USSR, leli qhinga waqala kubhekwe kamuva - ngo-1948. Ngokuvamile singasho ukuthi lapho besanda kuqala yephrojekthi Soviet-athomu kusekelwe ngokuphelele ulwazi US bahlangana biko. Nokho, ucwaningo Ngokuqhubeka isivele esekelwe lezi zinto, ososayensi Soviet kakhulu ngaphambi nozakwabo aseNtshonalanga, bavunyelwe eU.SSR ukuthola kuqala kuqala bese enamandla kunazo iArmagedoni ibhomu.

Lolu cwaningo lokuqala Soviet

Disemba 17, 1945 emhlanganweni ikomiti ekhethekile usethe ngaphansi oPhethe Yabantu Commissars yase-USSR, izazi zesayensi zenuzi Yakov Zeldovich, Isaak Pomeranchuk uJuliyu Hartion inkulumo ethi "Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi izakhi ukukhanya." Lo mbhalo sikhulume ngokusetshenziswa ibhomu nge deuterium. Lokhu ukusebenza kwakuyisiqalo uhlelo Soviet zenuzi.

Ngo-1946, izifundo theory ugibelisa labetibambile e-Institute of Chemical Physics. Imiphumela yokuqala yale umsebenzi iye yadingidwa omunye zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe womkhandlu Yokuqala Labaqondisi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Lavrentiy Beriya ngaphambilini Kurchatov futhi Khariton sihlaziye izinto ohlelweni of von Neumann, ayiswe eSoviet Union ngenxa ngasese inkonzo imfihlo entshonalanga. Idatha esuka le mibhalo wanikeza umfutho ezengeziwe ucwaningo, sibonga ngalo RDS-6 iphrojekthi wazalwa.

"U-Ivy Mike" futhi "Castle Bravo"

Novemba 1, 1952, abantu baseMelika baye babhekana emhlabeni iArmagedoni lokuqala iziqhumane. Kwaba namanje hhayi ibhomu, kodwa ingxenye yalo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ingalimaza iphutha Enivotek Atoll, elwandle eliKhulu iPacific. Edward Teller futhi Stanislaw Ulamu (empeleni ngamunye wabo umdali hydrogen) ngaphambi kokuba athuthukile design ezimbili isigaba, amaMelika futhi wazama. I-apharathasi ayikwazanga ingasetshenziswa njengendlela isikhali, njengoba Fusion wawenziwa usebenzisa deuterium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici kunomthwalo omkhulu kanye nosayizi. projectile okunjalo wawungenamandla okuyinyakazisa endizeni.

Ukuhlola kwe-hydrogen ibhomu lokuqala lwenziwe ososayensi Soviet. Kwake kwathi ngo-US wafunda mayelana nokusetshenziswa ngemphumelelo RDS-6s, kwaba sobala ukuthi kubalulekile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukusalela Russian izingalo uhlanga. US test kwaba 1 Mashi 1954. Njengoba landfill wakhethwa Bikini Atoll eMarshall Islands. Pacific qoqo leziqhingi ababekhethiwe hhayi ithuba. Kwakukhona cishe akukho abantu (nabantu abambalwa ahlala eziqhingini eziseduze, baxoshwa ngayizolo ukuhlola).

Ukuqhuma nokucekela phansi kunazo zonke-hydrogen amabhomu baseMelika eyagcina yaziwa ngokuthi "Castle Bravo". amandla kwakungewona izikhathi 2.5 ephakeme kunalokho obekucatshangwa. Ukuqhuma kwaholela ukungcoliswa endaweni enkulu emisebeni (iziqhingi eziningi zasePacific), okwaholela scandal kanye kubukezwe uhlelo yenuzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa RDS-6s

Le phrojekthi ngowokuqala Soviet iArmagedoni bhomu ngokuthi RDS-6s. Loluhlelo lalotshwa i-physics esidumile Andreem Saharovym. Ngo-1950, elase-USSR Council of Ministers unqume ukugxila emsebenzini walo on ukuthuthukisa izikhali ezintsha kule CB-11. Ngokusho lesi sinqumo, iqembu lososayensi eholwa Igorya Tamma wangena avaliwe Arzamas-16.

Ikakhulukazi Semipalatinsk test site yalungiswa yale phrojekthi grand. Ngaphambi kokuqala lapho sihlolwa uMhloli Omkhulu hydrogen, lapho efakiwe sokulinganisa, ukuqopha futhi ukurekhoda kumadivayisi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, egameni izazi kwakukhona engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili izinkomba. Endaweni okuye kwathinta lapho sihlolwa uMhloli Omkhulu hydrogen, okubandakanya 190 izakhiwo.

Semipalatinsk experiment yayingavamile hhayi kuphela ngenxa isikhali entsha. Sisebenzisa isibalo esiyingqayizivele yakhelwe amasampula zamakhemikhali enemisebe. Babekwazi ukuvula ukushaqeka kuphela wave enamandla. Ukuqopha futhi tekucopha base efakwe ukulungele ngokukhethekile izakhiwo ebiyelweyo phezu futhi bunkers komhlaba.

Iwashi le-alamu

Ngo-1946, u-Edward Teller, owayesebenza e-US, iye yasungula-prototype ye-RDS-6s. Wayelethwa okuthiwa Iwashi le-alamu. Ekuqaleni, umklamo kudivayisi siphakamisiwe esikhundleni Super. Ngo-April 1947 endaweni yokucwaninga ngaso Los Alamos sekuqala ucwaningo yakhelwe ukufunda ubunjalo izimiso iArmagedoni.

Kusukela Iwashi le-alamu, ososayensi alindele amandla enkulu. Autumn Teller wanquma ukusebenzisa njengoba yokubasela deuteride kudivayisi lithium. Abacwaningi ungakayisebenzisi yalolu ketshezi, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi lizokwandisa ukusebenza Fusion ukusabela. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi Teller wayesenze amaphutha kuphawulwe yakhe Uhlelo amamemo kwencika enuzi ukuqhubeka amakhompyutha. Le nqubo kwakudingekile ukuba ososayensi izibalo ezinembile nolunzima.

Iwashi le-alamu bese RDS-6s kuningi ababefana, kodwa eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Le nguqulo American sasingeyona esisebenzayo ngokuthi iSoviet ngenxa yobukhulu balo. Ubukhulu esikhulu yephrojekthi watalwa kusukela Super. Ekugcineni, amaMelika kwadingeka ayeke lesi senzakalo. Ucwaningo lwamuva senzeka ngo-1954, ngemva kwalokho kwaba sobala ukuthi iphrojekthi akunakunisiza.

Ukuqhuma wokuqala H-ibhomu

Eyokuqala iphutha Agasti 12, 1953 komlando wesintu, ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrogen. Ekuseni emkhathizwe lalibukeka flash bhá ukuthi waphuphuthekisa ngisho ngokusebenzisa amagogolo. Ukuqhuma komkhumbi-RDS-6s ukufakazele tikhatsi 20 ngaphezulu enamandla ukwedlula ngebhomu le-athomu. Ukuhlolwa sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi yimpumelelo. Ososayensi baye bakwazi ukufeza impumelelo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe. Okokuqala njengoba kukawoyela lithium hydride yayisetshenziswa. Ngaphakathi endaweni engaba 4 ukusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona we wave kuqhuma wayibhubhisa yonke izakhiwo.

ukuhlolwa ezalandela le-hydrogen eU.SSR yayisekelwe zathola okuhlangenwe nakho ngokusebenzisa RDS-6s. Lokhu isikhali elilimaza uJesu akabanga nje enamandla kakhulu. Inzuzo ebalulekile amabhomu kwaba compactness yayo. Igobolondo wafakwa Tu-16. Impumelelo avunyelwe ososayensi Soviet ukuze uthole ngaphambi amaMelika. E-United States ngalesi sikhathi kwaba kudivayisi iArmagedoni, usayizi indlu. Kwaba transportable.

Lapho e Moscow, wathi eSoviet hydrogen ibhomu usulungile, e-Washington uphikise ulwazi. I-agumenti eyinhloko amaMelika kwaba iqiniso lokuthi ibhomu iArmagedoni kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi TellerąUlam isikimu. Kusekelwe isimiso Implosion ngemisebe. Le projekthi luzoqala eSoviet Union ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1955.

Ukudalwa RDS-6s wenza kufike komkhulu wabo umnikelo physics Andrei Sakharov. I-hydrogen kwaba brainchild yakhe - wasikisela ukuba lezo zixazululo wamavukelambuso lobuchwepheshe ukuthi ngempumelelo ukuqedela ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi Semipalatinsk test site. ngokushesha Sakharov Young waba academician e-Academy of Sciences zase-USSR, Hero of Socialist Labour and Peace Prize we Stalin Prize. Imiklomelo kanye izindondo kwanikezelwa, futhi abanye ososayensi: Yuli Khariton futhi Kirill Shchelkin, Yakov Zeldovich, uNikolai Imimoya, njll Ngo-1953 i-hydrogen ibhomu vivinyo lwabonisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukuthi isayensi Soviet onganqoba yokuthi kuze kube muva nje kwabonakala letingemaciniso kanye fantasy ... Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha ngemva ukuqhuma ngemphumelelo RDS-6s basungula projectiles ngisho namandla kakhulu.

RDS-37

Novemba 20, 1955 kulolo vivinyo olandelayo we-hydrogen e-USSR. Lesi sikhathi ineminyaka emibili-neqhubekayo isikimu TellerąUlam. Ibhomu RDS-37 abangu uzohluleka indiza. Nokho, lapho wathatha emoyeni, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe eziphuthumayo. Ngokuphambene sezulu, isimo sezulu sawohloka kakhulu, yingakho landfill embozwe obukhulu liguqubele.

ochwepheshe abangu yokuqala yaphoqelela nomhlaba indiza nge ibhomu iArmagedoni ebhodini. Ezinye ngesikhathi Central okuthunyelwe myalo kwakungamelwe ingxoxo mayelana yini okufanele uyenze ngokulandelayo. It is ohlongoza ukuqala ukulahla ibhomu ezindaweni ezisezintabeni eziseduze, kodwa le ndlela inqatshelwe njengoba okuyingozi kakhulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, indiza aqhubeka ubiyela hlabathi, esikhiqiza nophethiloli.

Igama lokugcina wathola Zel'dovich futhi Sakharov. Hydrogen ibhomu hhayi esakhiweni, ngabe kungaholela enhlekeleleni. Ososayensi baye baqonda ingozi nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, kodwa wanika isiqinisekiso esibhaliwe ukuthi izindiza kuyodingeka ukuthi ihlala ngokuphepha. Ekugcineni, induna nezisebenzi we Tu-16 Fedor Golovashko ngiyaliwe umhlaba. Ukufika kwaba bushelelezi kakhulu. Abashayeli yabonisa zonke ikhono lakhe futhi Akazange atatazele esimweni esiphuthumayo. I iqhinga wayephelele. Abe-Central Command Post wokukhululeka abese esikhiphela ngaphandle.

UMdali hydrogen, Sakharov nethimba lakhe wathutha isivivinyo. Umzamo yesibili kwakuhlelwe 22 Novemba. Ngalolu suku, konke kwahamba ngaphandle izenzakalo okungavamile. Leli bhomu uyekiswe ovela ukuphakama amakhilomitha 12. Nakuba igobolondo yawa, indiza kwadingeka ukuhoxisa ukuba eziqhele ngokwanele lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona. Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa ukhunta yenuzi safinyelela ukuphakama 14 km, futhi ubukhulu bayo - 30 amakhilomitha.

Ukuqhuma zazingahambi izingozi ezibulalayo. Igagasi ukushaqeka kusuka ibanga amakhilomitha 200 ungqongqoza ingilazi, abantu abaningana balimala ngenxa ngalo. Futhi wabulala intombazane, owayehlala esigodini esingumakhelwane, okuyinto zigoqiwe ophahleni. Esinye isisulu kwaba isosha owayesesimweni endaweni ekhethekile sokulinda. Soldier wangcwatshwa ngezingodo, wafa ngenxa yokungawutholi umoya ngaphambi comrades bakwazi ukudonsa it out.

Kutfutfukiswa "iNkosi Amabhomu"

Ngo-1954, izazi zesayensi engcono yenuzi yezwe ngaphansi kobuholi Igor Kurchatov basungula enamandla kakhulu emlandweni isintu ibhomu iArmagedoni. Lo msebenzi futhi abangu-Andrei Sakharov, uVictor Adamski, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Smirnov, Yuri Trutnev, nokunye. D. Ngenxa amandla aso nesihlalo Usayizi ibhomu waziwa ngokuthi "Tsar Bomb". kamuva abahlanganyeli Project wakhumbula la mazwi eleza ngemva izitatimende Khrushchev sika odumile "Umama phuma" iso i-UN. Ngokusemthethweni the mkhankaso wabizwa ngokuthi yi AN602.

Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyisikhombisa yentuthuko, ibhomu Useke wadlula lokuphindukuzalwa eziningana. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi baye Yahlela ukusebenzisa izingxenye uranium kanye yokusabela Jekyll-Hyde, kodwa kamuva umqondo kwadingeka ukuba uyekwe ngenxa ingozi kwazo imisebe.

Hlola Izingqungqulu Zomhlaba

Okwesikhathi esithile iphrojekthi "Tsar Bomb" waba ahlehliswa, njengoba Khrushchev waphucwa isikhundla uya e-United States kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwaba ukumisa okwesikhashana esifushane. Ngo-1961, impi phakathi kwamazwe kwagqamuka ngokuphindaphindiwe eMoscow ukukhunjuzwa izikhali iArmagedoni. Khrushchev yamemezela zezilingo oluzayo ngo-Okthoba 1961 ngesikhathi XXII iCongress of the CPSU.

30 we Tu-95B nge ibhomu ebhodini wakhumula kusukela Deer amabombo-New Earth. Indiza befinyelela umgomo amahora amabili. Enye i-hydrogen ibhomu Soviet uyekiswe endaweni engamamitha 10.500 amamitha phezu zenuzi test site "impumulo ezomile". Igobolondo yamila emoyeni namanje. Kwakukhona a Fireball, okuyinto kwafinyelela amakhilomitha amathathu ubukhulu, futhi cishe obusuka phansi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ososayensi zokuzamazama komhlaba ngiyontengantenga kusukela ukuqhuma kathathu ewela i-iplanethi. Blow wazizwa ayinkulungwane amakhilomitha away, nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo at ibanga eziyikhulu amakhilomitha ungase uthole third-degree ukusha (akwenzekanga, ngoba le ndawo kwakungu-izophenduka amanxiwa).

Ngaleso sikhathi, enamandla kunazo iArmagedoni ibhomu e-United States yanika amandla "Tsar-ibhomu" izikhathi ezine. Ubuholi laseSoviet kunalokho umphumela isilingo. Moscow ithole ukuthi yini ayeyifuna kusukela elilandelayo ngakho-hydrogen. Ukuhlolwa wabonisa ukuthi eU.SSR iyisikhali banamandla ngaphezu US. Esikhathini esizayo, irekhodi ebhubhisayo "Tsar-ibhomu" futhi awuzange washaywa. Lokho kuqhuma kwakhipha amandla kakhulu le-hydrogen lwaba ingqophamlando emlandweni wesayensi kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

izikhali iArmagedoni kwamanye amazwe

ukuthuthukiswa British we-hydrogen waqala ngo-1954. Umholi iphrojekthi uWilliam Penney, owayeyilungu le-Manhattan Project e-United States. AmaNgisi kwadingeka imvuthu ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo izikhali iArmagedoni. umbimbi American akazange ukwabelana nalokho kwaziswa. E-Washington, wabhekisela Atomic Energy Act, lidlule ngo-1946. Okuwukuphela owawuqondene imvume British ukuqhuba kokuma lokhu kuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babevame izindiza ukuqoqa amasampula ezisele ngemuva ngamabhomu yezikhali ezicitshwayo American.

Okokuqala eLondon, sanquma ukubeka umkhawulo ukudalwa ibhomu elinamandla kakhulu. Ngakho ngaqala lapho ukuba ukuhlola "Orange Bulletin". Ngokuhamba kubo uyekiswe iArmagedoni amabhomu kakhulu enamandla engekho emlandweni wesintu. ethile yayo Kwakubiza kakhulu. Novemba 8, 1957 i-hydrogen ibhomu lwavivinywa. Umlando zedivayisi British ezimbili isigaba - yisibonelo intuthuko baphumelele ukusalela izingxabano ezimbili phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu.

EChina, kwakukhona hydrogen ngo-1967, e-France - ngo-1968. Ngakho, ngesikhathi country club-abanikazi iArmagedoni izikhali manje ezinhlanu. Hlala ulwazi impikiswano mayelana hydrogen eNyakatho Korea. Inhloko North Korea sika Kim Eun Chan wathi ososayensi bakhe bakwazi ukuthuthukisa nangomcibisholo ezinjalo. Phakathi ukuhlolwa, izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba emhlabeni eqoshiwe umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba okubangwa iziqhumane zasemkhathini. Kodwa akukho ulwazi oluthile mayelana hydrogen ku DPRK namanje akukho.