I-Amoniya i-antipode ne-analog ... yamanzi?

Iphunga laleli gesi liyaziwa wonke umuntu - ungazizwa ngokushesha uma uvula imbiza nge-ammonia. Kukhona okunye mayelana nezakhiwo zakhe esatshelwa esikoleni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingenye yemikhiqizo eyinhloko embonini yamakhemikhali: kungukuthi kulula ukuguqula i-nitrogen, engakuthandi ukungena ekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali. I-Amoniya iyinhloko yokuqala lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanganisela eziningi ze-nitrogen eziqukethe khona: i-nitrites ehlukahlukene ne-nitrate, iziqhumane nama- aniline amade, izidakamizwa nezinto zokwenziwa kwe-polymeric ...

Ulwazi olufushane

Igama lalezi zinto livela kulesiGreki elithi "hals ammoniakos", okuhunyushwa ngokuthi i-ammonia. I-molecule ye-ammonia iyinhlobo yemipiramidi, ephezulu lapho kukhona i-athomu ye-nitrogen, futhi ngaphansi - ama-athomu ama-hydrogen amathathu. Ifomula yalesi sakhi i-NH3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-ammonia igesi elingenambala elinomsindo othukuthelayo. Ubuningi bayo ku--33.35 ° C (iphuzu lokubilisa) ngu-0.681 g / cm ³ . Futhi lesi sici siyancibilika -77.7 ° С. Isimiso se-amoria se-molar singama-17 amagremu ngayinye. Ukucindezelwa kwe-0.9 MPa kubangela ukuba i-ammonia ingenele ekamelweni lokushisa. Ikhiqizwa embonini engaphansi kwengcindezi ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen ne- oxygen. I- ammonia ye- Liquid isumanyolo ojule kakhulu, i-refrigerant. Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe nalesi sici, ngoba kuyingozi futhi kuqhuma.

Amaqiniso anesifiso

I-ammonia yamanzi inezakhiwo ezingavamile kakhulu. Ngaphandle lifana namanzi alula. Njenge-H ₂ O, ihlakaza ngokugcwele izinhlanganisela eziningi eziphilayo nezimila. Iningi likasawoti kulo lihlukanisa lapho lichithwa nge-ions. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, ngokungafani namanzi, kuvele ngokuhlukile.

Idatha kulesi sithebula iholela embonweni wokuthi i-ammonia ewuketshezi iyisimo esiyingqayizivele sokwenza ukushintshwa okuthile okungahambi kahle ezinkingeni ezinamandla. Isibonelo:

2AgCl + Ba (CHA ₃ ) ₂ = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl ₂ .

Njengoba i-NH ₃ iyamukelwa ngokuqinile kwe-proton, i-acetic acid, naphezu kokuthi ibhekwa njengobuthakathaka, iyohlukanisa ngokuphelele, njengoba nje i- acids eqinile yenza. Okuthakazelisayo okukhulu kunezixazululo ezidakamizwa ze-ammonia zensimbi yama-alkali. Ngase-1864, amakhemikhali aqaphela ukuthi uma anikezwa isikhashana, i-ammonia izokhuphuka, futhi kuleyo ndawo yayiyoba yensimbi ehlanzekile. Cishe kwenzeka into efanayo nezixazululo ezinamanzi ezinsawoti. Umehluko wukuthi izinsimbi ze-alkali, nakuba ziyingcosana, kodwa zisasebenza nge-ammonia, okuholela ekwakheni uketshezi kasawoti:

2Na + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H2.

Lezi zinsuku zizinto eziqinile, kodwa uma zihlangana namanzi zivele zihlakazeke:

NaNH2 + H20 = NH3 + NaOH.

Lapho ufunda izakhiwo zamakhemikhali amakhemikhali, amakhemikhali aseqaphele ukuthi lapho insimbi isilahla kuyo, ivolumu yesisombululo iba sikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bayo buyancipha ngalokhu. Lona omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-solvent emayelana namanzi ajwayelekile. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kepha isisombululo esicacile nesihlanjululwe nanoma yiliphi insimbi yama-alkali e-ammonia elamanzi ayihlanganisi, naphezu kokuthi insimbi kokubili ifana! Ngenxa yokuhlolwa, amaqiniso amasha futhi amangazayo atholakala njalo. Ngakho-ke, kwacaca ukuthi isisombululo sodium esineqhwa e- ammonia egazini sinokumelana kakhulu, ngakho-ke i-NH ₃ ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uhlelo oluphezulu lwe-superconducting. Akumangalisi ukuthi leli gesi kanye nezixazululo zalo kusesithakazelo ezingqondweni zombili ze-physicist kanye namakhemistri.