KumiswaIsayensi

I-hydrogen. Umlando kokudaliweyo esinamandla

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule eYurophu banomthetho division nokubuna Kwatholakala chemical isici uranium, hydrogen kusuka esigabeni eqanjiwe yaphenduka ngokoqobo. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi Kuyathakazelisa futhi namanje kuyinto mncintiswano ethokozisayo phakathi ezingaba yesayensi wezwe: eJalimane lobuNazi, iSoviet Union ne-United States. Ibhomu lenuzi elinamandla kunawo wonke, ngubani amaphupho oluphethe uMbuso mumbe esesikhundleni hhayi izikhali kuphela, kodwa futhi ithuluzi yezombangazwe enamandla. Izwe babe naye arsenal yayo, eqinisweni waba onawo wonke amandla futhi uyakwazi balawule imithetho.

I-hydrogen inomlando indalo, ogxile imithetho yemvelo, okungukuthi inqubo Fusion. Ekuqaleni lalibizwa ngokungalungile zenuzi, futhi isizathu kwaba ukungazi. Ngo-1938, i-Bethe usosayensi, kamuva owaba owathola umklomelo kaNobel, wasebenza kwi yokufakelwa umthombo wamandla - uranium ukuqoqwa. Lesi sikhathi, kwaba eliphakeme lomsebenzi yesayensi yemvelo eminingi, futhi phakathi kwawo kwakukhona umbono ukuthi izimfihlo yesayensi akufanele lube khona nhlobo, kusukela ekuqaleni imithetho yesayensi kukhona ngamazwe.

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le hydrogen yasungulwa, kodwa manje ngosizo abaklami kwadingeka bathole amafomu lobuchwepheshe. Yahlala kuphela ziligcina igobolondo ethile bese sithola amandla. Kukhona izazi ezimbili abamagama liyohlale exhumene ukudalwa izikhali ezinamandla: United States - Edward Teller, futhi e-USSR - Andrei Sakharov.

E-US inkinga iArmagedoni njengoba Kudala ngo-1942 waqala ukutadisha physics Edward Teller. Ngu oda Garri Trumena, ngesikhathi uMongameli US, ngalolu daba ososayensi engcono yezwe, baye wadala isikhali ngokuyinhloko entsha yembubhiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uhulumeni kwakungu ukuze kuqhunyiswe amandla hhayi esingaphansi kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-of TNT. Teller hydrogen ibhomu sidalwe futhi alubonisa isintu Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, angenamkhawulo yayo, kodwa ikhono ababhubhise.

It eHiroshima ibhomu, okuyinto esingamathani angaba 4.5 ka-uranium okuqukethwe 100 kg. Lokhu kuqhuma kwakuhambelana nokuka cishe 12.500 amathani TNT. Umuzi Japanese of Nagasaki plutonium ibhomu waliqothula isisindo esifanayo, kodwa likwazi okulingana amathani TNT 20 000.

Ikusasa academician Soviet Andrei Sakharov ngo-1948, ngako okusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe, okwethulwa ukuklanywa hydrogen ngaphansi kwegama RDS-6. Ucwaningo lwakhe usephendukele e kwamagatsha amabili: yabizwa ngokuthi "Puff" (RDS-6s), futhi kwaba isici icala le-athomu ozungezayo izingqimba sokukhanya Izakhi ezisindayo. Eyesibili legatsha - "ipayipi" noma (RDS-6t) therein plutonium ibhomu uku deuterium ketshezi. Ngemva kwalokho, kwatholakala kubaluleke kakhulu yenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isiqondiso we 'pipe "kuyinto ukuphela efile.

Isimiso yokusebenza ye-hydrogen simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: ngaphakathi igobolondo kuqala Kuqhuma HB icala okuyinto omula ukuphendula Fusion kwenzeka ngenxa neutron flash. Uma le nqubo kuhambisana kukhululwa ukushisa okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu okwengeziwe Fusion. Neutrons seziqala bombardment liner kusukela lithium deuteride, futhi esikhundleni salokho lilawulwa ngqo ka neutrons ihlukaniselwe izakhi ezimbili, tritium ne-helium. Njengoba lisetshenziswe fuse yenuzi tekwakha yezingxenye oyifunayo ngendlela yokuqaphela ibhomu kakade powered. Leyo isimiso esinzima hydrogen. Ngemva kwalokhu izinyathelo kwangaphambilini iqala ngqo ukuphendula iArmagedoni ngengxube deuterium futhi tritium. Ngalesi sikhathi kule ibhomu ngaphezulu kwandisa izinga lokushisa, futhi zamagama kuhilela ukukhulisa inani hydrogen. Uma landelani inkambo yokungenisa zindlela zokusabela, isivinini izenzo zaso lingachazwa ngokuthi ngokushesha.

Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi baye azenziwanga synthesis nuclei nokuhlukanisa yabo. Esikhathini ukuqoqwa ithani elilodwa uranium elakhiwe amandla alingana 18 Mt ibhomu okunjalo nekhono elikhulu. Ibhomu lenuzi elinamandla kunawo wonke, adalwe isintu, babengamalungu eSoviet Union. Waze wangena Guinness Book of Records. Ukuqhuma kwalo zazilingana 57 (cishe) megatons izidakamizwa TNT. It yasha ngo-1961 e-Novaya Zemlya qoqo leziqhingi ndawo.

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