I lokucuketfwe nekuhlela umsebenzi kwengqondo

Njalo ophilayo ngandlela-thile baxhumana nezwe elingaphandle. Ngo inqubo ukuxhumana kukhona izakhi ezimbili: isihloko, okuyinto ngokukhethekile kuthinta imvelo, futhi into iba into izidingo tesifundvo. Ekhuluma imisebenzi yabantu, lingachazwa ngokuthi umsebenzi bayazi enqophe umgomo ofanayo noma imigomo eminingi. Njengenjwayelo, umgomo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ixhunyaniswe izithakazelo kanye nezidingo ezidinga ukwaneliseka, futhi ngakolunye - nezidingo zomphakathi womuntu ngamunye.

Umbono ovamile womsebenzi

Izinto ezenziwa abantu enezinto eziningi izici esingokwemvelo. Okokuqala, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, ngoba imisebenzi yabantu libhekene ukuqaphela (abantu bayasazi izinhloso, izindlela kanye kusho ukuyifinyelela, futhi ukubikezela imiphumela). Psychology Scientific uthi ngaphandle ukuqwashisa yemigomo womuntu ayikwazi wathi mayelana nomsebenzi, kuzoba nje sikhuthele. ukuziphatha okuyingozi kukhonjelwe imizwa nezidingo kanye nobuntu izilwane. Okwesibili, kunzima ukucabanga izinto ezenziwa abantu ngaphandle yokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kanye isitoreji okwalandela amathuluzi. Okwesithathu, amaphuzu aphathelene Psychology womsebenzi kanye uhlamvu kwezenhlalo, ngoba uveza umphakathi noma isigcawu, libonisa indoda nokuthi yini okufanele uyenze kanjani. Ngenxa lolu hlobo nokuxhumana kwabantu usungula ukuxhumana nabanye abantu kuyinto uhlobo oluhlukile ubuhlobo nabo.

Ukutadisha imisebenzi kwengqondo e-nophenyo Soviet bengqondo (A. N. Leonteva, S. L. Rubinshteyna, A. A. Smirnova, B. M. Teplova et al.) Ebonisa ukuthi ubunjalo Yiqiniso nokuthuthukiswa izinqubo ezahlukene in the psyche incike izici imisebenzi abezindaba ukwazi, sphere yakhe ugqozi. Futhi, imiphumela ucwaningo A. N. Leonteva futhi P. Ya. Galperina kusikisela ukuthi kwakhiwa umphumela sangaphakathi enhle is ngesisekelo impahla yangaphandle ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ngokulandelana lakamuva. Le nqubo wabizwa ngokuthi internalization.

Umehluko phakathi umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi

Umsebenzi - kuyinto isici esivelele akubo bonke abahlala, kungakhathaliseki ezingeni yenhlangano kanye nentuthuko. Phela, kuyasiza silondoloze ubuhlobo esibalulekile abalulekile akubo bonke nge imvelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthombo lo msebenzi - ke kudingeka sishukumisa umzimba ophilayo ukwenza ukuze asuthe. nezidingo zobuntu futhi sakwazi izidingo izilwane futhi babe letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile. Izidingo ezingokwenyama eyisiqalo eziyizici bobabili, kepha lowo omunye ephakeme - ejwayelekile kuphela abantu, njengoba zivela ngaphansi kwethonya imfundo emphakathini.

Imibuzo kwengqondo futhi ucabangele umehluko phakathi umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi. The main lolwehlukanisa wukuthi umsebenzi kungenxa isidingo isihloko nomsebenzi - isidingo umsebenzi uqobo. Umsebenzi futhi ekuqaleni maqondana nomsebenzi. Phela, kuqala ebonakaliswa imicabango yethu, izinhlelo, fantasies, kodwa yesibili lihlotshaniswa izinto, kusho. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi kuyinto ikhava isici phakathi lonke inqubo umsebenzi. Umsebenzi ihlinzeka ekubalweni amandla, isikhathi, umthamo, nokugqugquzela amakhono, zokunqoba inertia, oyenza konke iyoletha imiphumela. Umsebenzi - ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eziphawulekayo ekuphileni umqondo womuntu. Psychology ikhomba inhlangano ezinye kwesakhiwo zalesi simo.

Umsebenzi oyiyo ingxenye

Ukwakheka umsebenzi kwengqondo has isisekelo okuphawulekayo umphumela izifundo eziningi theory kanye nama-enokwehla. Determinant eyinhloko umsebenzi womuntu - ke kuyimfuneko. Psychology Domestic inike iqembu izakhi ukuthi uzobe kuchaziwe ngezansi.

Isici sokuqala leliqhinga - isidingo. Kuchazwa njengoba isimo wokukhungatheka evutha, ekhuthaza umsebenzi okuhloswe ngaso ucinge into ezokwenza ukwanelisa lesi isimo. izidingo Human zithonywa hhayi kuphela uhlobo izitho zomzimba, kodwa futhi komphakathi kanye nemfundo. Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, izincwadi phezu Psychology inikeza ngeengaba ezimbili:

• Izinhlobo izidingo , kungakhathaliseki isihloko - engokoqobo nengokomoya.
• Izinhlobo izidingo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo - bemvelo nemasiko.

Ososayensi uqaphele ukuthi isidingo - lena lithuthukisa indoda ukukhombisa umsebenzi wabo. Kodwa hhayi kuphela lesi simanga luqondiswe abantu. Indawo ukubaluleka kwendawo yelungu nomqondo isisusa.

Uma umuntu has a isidingo solwazi elisha, bese uvakashele isigaba kwengqondo, angakwenza esenziwa ngesisusa okwandisa. Odokotela bengqondo ukuhumusha lo mqondo ngokuya kushukunyiswe umsebenzi, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa isifiso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo, futhi elinendawo isiqondiso esicacile. Kube alidingi nombono ocacile, asikho isihloko, kodwa ngesisusa - lubonakaliswa ukhonkolo. Izisusa, inhlanganisela yabo futhi izinhlobo awukudla kwengqondo. Kafushane abelana izisusa kuwo womabili abazi futhi equlekile. Eyokuqala ungaboniswa ngamazwi, kwesibili - akukho, ngoba becindezela. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akudingekile ukuhlonza ngesisusa ngenjongo, ngoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi izisusa ezahlukene bahlanganiswe omunye umgomo, kanti izinjongo ezihlukahlukene bahlanganiswe isisusa eyodwa.

Injongo Psychology yesayensi eyichaza ngokuthi umphumela wokugcina umsebenzi okukhona umcabango umuntu futhi lapho efuna ukufeza. Isengezo kwelitshe kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kokubili endabeni okuxoxwa ngayo futhi indiza engqondo. Umgomo, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe yaba imisebenzi ethize kulekelelwe elamukelekile.

Ngakho, ubuncane umsebenzi ingxenye ukuthi wenza umsebenzi othile - lesi senzo.

Lokho kungenxa yokuthi izakhi sinjalo isakhiwo womsebenzi kwengqondo. Isikimu kukhonjisiwe ngezansi, kuyosisiza ukuba zibukeke ukuqonda ulwazi:

Isidingo - Isisusa - Objective - isenzo - umphumela.

izinhlobo imisebenzi

Ososayensi ukuxoxa umsebenzi njengoba yangaphandle umqondo engqondo ngokomzimba futhi kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-Psychology ikhomba izenzo ezilandelayo ukuthi ahlinzeke umsebenzi kwangaphakathi-ngemilingo: inqubo nendlela labona ngayo tintfo (Umbono), inqubo yokucabanga, inqubo ngekhanda (inkumbulo), inqubo imazhitivny (umcabango). Yilokho umsebenzi yangaphakathi silungiselela izenzo zangaphandle. Siyabonga kubo, ungakha uhlelo ukucabangela zonke izici zokufinyelela lowo mgomo bese umbona ngamehlo engqondo umphumela wokugcina. Plus, ngosizo inkumbulo umuntu ngeke ukuphinda amaphutha uzibophezele ngaphambili.

Ukwakheka umsebenzi kwengqondo, okungukuthi yangaphakathi, inezici ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, kungenxa ikhipha iyafana umehluko yangaphandle, esime ukugeleza: ukusebenza nezenzo zenzeka nge izinto ngengqondo esikhundleni real, ngokulandelana, umphumela ubuye umsebenzi ngokwengqondo. Okwesibili, umsebenzi yangaphakathi wakhiqizwa kusuka ngaphandle kule nqubo ye internalization. Ngokwesibonelo, izingane ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo lokuqala, futhi kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kukhona ushintsho ukuze inkulumo yangaphakathi.

Kodwa umsebenzi wangaphandle ukhiqiza zangaphandle isinyathelo neziqinile, okungukuthi motor (ukuma, ukuhamba emkhathini), ukunyakaza ekhululekile (mime futhi ukulingisa), ukushukuma komzimba, ukunyakaza elihlobene ne inkulumo (yezwi).

Inqubo okuphambene internalization kubhekwa inqubo externalization. It itholakala lokuthi ukuthi isenzo zangaphandle ikhiqizwa ngenxa ukuguqulwa izakhiwo yangaphakathi ukuthi akhiwa ngesisekelo internalization.

Ukusebenza, ukuqapha, ukuhlolwa: ukuthi kuyini

Ukwakheka umsebenzi kwengqondo iqukethe izingxenye eziningana, kodwa oxutshwe kakhulu, okuyinto eyenziwa e imvelo - uma engase ahlinzwe. Ososayensi, theorists kuchazwe ukusebenza njengendlela ukwenza izenzo ezithile kuye ngokuthi isimo. Ukusebenza inikeza isici lobuchwepheshe isinyathelo, ngoba kungenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene, noma usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene.

Imiphumela imisebenzi, uma kufinyelelwe, sihamba izigaba kokuhlaziywa kanye nokuqapha. Isiphathi eqhathanisa umphumela nge isithombe sokuqala futhi target. Kuhlola ikhomba degree of kuqondana umphumela kube nenjongo. Ukuhlolwa - kunjani esigabeni sokugcina control. ukuhlolwa Positive ukhuluma wokwaneliseka imisebenzi emihle ngokuvamile, futhi omubi - kunalokho. Uma umphumela akafani ke, ungasebenzisa isilawuli, ungathumela emuva ibukeza ngangokunokwenzeka.

Imisebenzi: Amafomu

Psychology Russian uye wazakhela Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo zemisebenzi. It kungokwalabo umdlalo, umsebenzi kwezemfundo kanye nomsebenzi umsebenzi. Cabanga konke ukuze.

Umdlalo - umsebenzi ohamba phambili ngokuba abantwana, ngoba sibonga ke bona ukulingisa ukuphila omdala, nezwe lakhe ngengqondo, ufunde nokuthuthukisa. Umdlalo akukuniki ingane ezinye zezinto ezibonakalayo ezenziwa ngokungakhathali, futhi imikhiqizo yayo ngeke ucebe ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kodwa ihlangabezana zonke kwemigomo izidingo zezingane. Ukuze umdlalo libhekene inkululeko, ekuhlukanisweni nabantu bakaJehova, abakhiqizi. Linikeza komphakathi wengane, eba gedonistichnost yakhe ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, cognition futhi lokusungula. Futhi-ke has a umsebenzi compensatory. Umdlalo has zenyathi lalo. Lo mdlalo inhloso, umdlalo cebo-Ekwenza Umlingiswa ngemithetho. Ingane egcina isigaba ethile yentuthuko, uqala ukudlala nezinye imidlalo. Kuleli fomu womsebenzi nengane angahamba ukuveza imizwa yakhe, imizwa, futhi abazali kuba ichopho hugest. Futhi, uma ingane ine esibuhlungu, kungcono ukuze siyixazulule ngosizo umdlalo.

ifomu Landelayo womsebenzi esakheka abantu njengoba zikhula - lo msebenzi zemfundo. Ngalo, abantu generalized ulwazi theory, kahle izenzo neziqinile nokuwusizo. Imfundiso ikunikeza umsebenzi kwezenhlalo, inqubo ufake ngabanye abasha ohlelweni kwezindinganiso zezenhlalo umphakathi njengoba enjalo. Esikhathini inqubo yokufunda imisebenzi kungaba ithuthukise amakhono ayo, ulwazi lwabo crystallize. Ingane ifunda ukuba bayale amafomu kuthanda.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli gama eliphakeme womsebenzi umsebenzi. umsebenzi Labor inikeza nomthelela wendawo ezungezile kubantu ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi futhi ulisebenzise ukuze siqu ukusetshenziswa ngezinhloso zabo. Umsebenzi libhekene ukuqwashisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ke ubhekwa futhi kufaneleka. Ngemva kokuphothula enyuvesi, noma esinye isikhungo noma, ngokuvamile, ngokushesha ngemva kwesikole, umuntu uqala umsebenzi wakhe lochwepheshe. isakhiwo ngokwengqondo umsebenzi okhokhelwayo has izingxenye ezilandelayo:

Injongo bayazi - into zomsebenzi - kokusebenza - kwezobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa - yezabasebenzi imisebenzi.

Psychology imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsebenzi

ithiyori umsebenzi uba omunye izisekelo esemqoka methodological kwengqondo ukwazi ucwaningo. Esikhathini kohlaka imisebenzi lafundvwako njengoba lomkhuba wokuthi mediates zonke izenzakalo ngemilingo nezinqubo. Lo mbono zesayensi wahlangana sokugxekwa zokusebenza kwengqondo angaphandle. Izincwadi ku-Psychology emisebenzini ehlobene eminyakeni 20th ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili futhi aqhubeka aguquka namuhla.

Kulesi isiqondiso, kukhona ukutolika ezimbili. Okokuqala esachazwa S. L. Rubinshteynom, owayeneminyaka unjiniyela isimiso ubunye ukwazi nomsebenzi. Eyesibili wadala abadumile usosayensi A. N. Leontev, ngubani evezwe udaba isakhiwo umphakathi umsebenzi engqondo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

Umsebenzi theory S. L. Rubinshteyna

Lokhu usosayensi uyafundelwa psyche ngu ukudalula ubudlelwane bayo ezibalulekile futhi umgomo ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi. Rubinstein uveza ukuthi akudingekile ukuqonda imisebenzi yangaphakathi ye psyche njengoba enjalo esenzelwa ngokusebenzisa tingucuko ngaphandle. Determinism wukuthi izimo ezifuywayo umlamuleli elementi izimbangela zangaphandle. Consciousness nomsebenzi - akuzona amafomu amabili yokukhuluma ubunye, izimo ezimbili ukudala i ubunye indivisible.

Umsebenzi theory A. N. Leonteva

Isazi-umcwaningi ukholelwa psyche uhlobo umsebenzi onenjongo. Leontiev kuyinto umsekeli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela internalization futhi uthi kwakheka umsebenzi yangaphakathi is ngenxa ukwedlulela izenzo yangaphandle kuhlelo ngemilingo yangaphakathi. kwezesayensi ukuqaphela wabelane lohlobo inqubo kumiswa isithombe isithombe ngokwaso. Kwakha umbono kanjani isakhiwo womsebenzi kwengqondo, Leontiev wanika imisebenzi yakhe eqoqwe emuva 1920. Wayesebenza njengoba umcwaningi ekuqaleni L. S. Vygotskogo, ukufunda ngekhanda izinqubo ziphathwa kuhambisana umsebenzi umgomo. Esikhathini 30s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wahola imisebenzi laseKharkov esikoleni futhi baqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa yakhe theory kanye nama-yokulinga ngalolu daba. Sekuyiminyaka eyisikhombisa, kusukela ngo-1956 kuya 1963 wayeqhubela ucwaningo Leontiev. Umphumela waba ukuthi waba kungenzeka ukwakheka iphimbo kubantu abanegciwane indlebe kahle emculweni nge isinyathelo esifanele. isiphakamiso sakhe ukuba ucabangele umsebenzi njengoba zichaziwe izinyathelo kanye nokusebenza ziye omuhle wamukela emhlabeni yesayensi ngokwengqondo. Leontiev futhi wafunda indlela ingqondo sekukhona futhi ithuthukiswe kwesikhathi kwemvelo, indlela kuphakama ukwazi ngokuhamba nokuthuthuka kwabantu, isilinganiso somsebenzi futhi ukwazi, ukuthuthukiswa engu-psyche futhi ukwazi, ububanzi ugqozi futhi semantic, indlela kanye nomlando kwengqondo.

Umsebenzi theory L. S. Vygotskogo

Ngisebenzisa theory umsebenzi ukuchaza izici of psyche zabantu futhi Lev Semenovich. Waba imfundiso yokuziphendukela imisebenzi yengqondo ephakeme futhi kwaba umsekeli imfundiso yokuziphendukela internalization.

Ephakeme engqondo imisebenzi usosayensi ngokuthi izinqubo engqondweni yethu ukuthi ziyasebenza in psyche yethu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngaphambili, lapho umphakathi laliyisidala, ephakeme nemisebenzi engqondo kwakungamadodana ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeke internalization yalezi ubudlelwane, base siguqulelwa imihlola ngemilingo. Isici eyinhloko VPF - is Mediation esebenzisa izimpawu ezithile nezibonakaliso. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba inkulumo, abantu bakhulume, ukuze uthumele ngolwazi esebenzisa izimpawu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yethu izinqubo sengqondo wasebenza ohlelweni uphawu. Kodwa uma siqala wokufunda izwi, khona-ke ungase uthole ukuthi liphinde uphawu olucacile.

imisebenzi yengqondo Ephakeme zitholakala iyizingxenye okuqondile cortex cerebral. izigaba eziningana nesisekelo imisebenzi yengqondo ephakeme bungabonakala:

• Ifomu ebuhlotsheni babantu - inqubo inter-engqondo.
• Internalization.
• Futhi eqinisweni, ephakeme ekusebenzeni kwengqondo - inqubo intrapsychic.

Umsebenzi theory babé kakhudlwana futhi iyoba isisekelo izifundo eziningi ezingokwengqondo esikhaleni yasekhaya.