I nokuqoshwa imithetho Russian Empire ngaphansi Nicholas 1: usuku, kukhona

Nokuqoshwa komthetho Russian ngaphansi Nicholas ngaqala 1826. Ngenxa yalokho, operation kwesikhathi eside inqwaba abameli abakulungiselweyo Ikhodi, ohlanganisa zonke izenzo neziqondiso sisebenza endaweni ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Leli qoqo kwemithetho kanye izicelo kanye izincazelo yashicilelwa 1833.

Inkinga oshayiwe nzima

Ngesikhathi ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Nicholas Mina, nokuqoshwa wemithetho isibe yezinselelo kunazo ukuphokophela zibheke iziphathimandla zaseRussia. Inkinga walala yokuthi sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka kuleli zwe kwakukhona vaults entsha embondelene nezimiso ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kungqubuzane. Nokuqoshwa kwakudingekile nokumisa imithetho ngibalethe athole olulodwa enembile.

Ukuze le nkinga ngayiswa ababengaphambi ngaphezulu Nicholas mina, kuhlanganise ugogo wakhe Ekaterina Velikaya nomfowethu omdala Alexander I. Umbusi abasha bangenela nokuqoshwa we ngakwesokudla ngemva nje uvele sobukhosi. Nicholas athatha izintambo ku isizinda kwavukelwa Decembrist, ohlelwe Abasekeli ushintsho sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. UNikolai ukuphila kwabo ekwenzeni izinqumo, abheke emuva izenzakalo 1825. Ngaye, i-nokuqoshwa komthetho kwaba ngenye yezindlela ukuqinisa kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo.

I nokungasebenzi ngendlela kohlelo lomthetho

Yini ama-apharathasi imperious kwaba izinsalela kuphumelele futhi zigcwale ngokweqile esedlule, ngoba noma ubani akuyona imfihlo. Ngokuvamile isenzo kwezitho ehlukile noma izikhulu waphikisa nomunye ngenxa izintuba zomthetho futhi emigodini nemithetho umsebenzi wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuyinto isimo esiphambene isibe evundile okungamila kuyo ukukhula zenkohlakalo.

Nokuqoshwa kwemithetho waphathiswa Mihailu Speranskomu. Okwesikhathi esithile waba wasondela ngu-Alexander I futhi kwaba nombhali eziningi ezenziwe yakhe ovulekile kabusha. Ngobusuku obandulela Impi Ye-1812 Speransky kwaba ehlazweni futhi kwaba ekudingisweni zokuhlonipha. Manje Nicholas Ngiyilethe emuva ezinhlwini, enethemba ukuzwa futhi enolwazi olujulile wezinguquko. ngokushesha Speranski waba umbusi ukuthumela amamemo, elikhombisa imisebenzi wamaKhomishana odlule okuguqula imithetho kanye izinhlelo nokuqoshwa oluzayo.

I yokuthi kwase kumiswe igatsha lesibili

Nicholas mina ivume umqondo Mihaila Speranskogo. Ngo-April 1826, ngqo umsebenzi ukuhlaziywa kwalo mthetho kwaba ukwakha igatsha lesibili we-Imperial Chancellery. Ngaphambi kokuba umzimba omusha umgomo ocacile - ukudala Ikhodi Imithetho of the Empire, Russian. Nokuqoshwa elibamba abahleli eziningi. Alungiselelwa ngayo yonke nazo zonke ezidingo ezidingekayo. Abameli kwadingeka ukuba uhlole i-mass elikhulu amaphepha. Speransky nalabo abangaphansi bakhe babekujabulela izithelo umsebenzi ayengaphansi Commission ukwakha imithetho ngesikhathi u-Alexander I, kwakube nesikhathi kuphelelise umsebenzi wako.

Engxenyeni yesibili waqala ukusebenza abameli, abahluleli bewenza, izazi-mlando, labantu futhi ababusi ezibalulekile. Nazi nje uhlu lokunye amagama: .. Konstantin Arsenyev, valerian Klokov uPetru Havsky Dmitry Zamyatin, Dmitry Eristov Alexander Kunitsyn, njll Konke lokhu abantu elite bokusungula yezwe. Kwakumelwe okungcono emasimini abo, futhi uma sisebenzisana, sakwazi ukwenza ezazibonakala zingenakwenzeka. I nokuqoshwa wemithetho phambi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka. Engingakusho nje ukuthi ongoti kwadingeka ukuba afake esilandelayo imibhalo eyaqala XVII khulu leminyaka, futhi namanje sisebenza insimu yase Russia.

iqoqo kwemibhalo

amaphepha Original zigcinwa enqolobaneni ezahlukene ehlakazekile ezweni lonke. Ezinye imibhalo kwadingeka ukubheka izakhiwo ejensi uyekwa. Lezi izidumbu .. College of Foreign Affairs, uMnyango Patrimonial, ivaliwe oda, njll nokuqoshwa komthetho Russian kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi kwakungakabi bikho ebhukwini eyodwa okungase Uqinisekise drafters kweKhodi. Igatsha yesibili yayinokufanayo ngibuye ngilakhe kabusha, ukugxila eMoscow, Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye zomlando ezikhonzayo. Lapho ebhukwini ekugcineni wayesekulungele, kwathi esezikhiphe ezingaphezu kuka-53 eziyinkulungwane izenzo yokutholwa emakhulwini eminyaka ahlukene.

Petersburg yafuna amabhuku ezingavamile ukuthi bangafuna ngwe kahle futhi wagxekwa amasonto. I nokuqoshwa wemithetho of the Empire, Russian wayesekhona ebukezwe umbhalo. Ochwepheshe kuqhathaniswa inani izinguqulo, bacubungula imithombo ubudala, ihlolwe kubo ukuba semthethweni, baye benza, wayinquma ezincwadini. izenzo eziningi empeleni baprofetha, nakuba ingase ibhekwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene futhi ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ezimweni ezinjalo, njengoba umthetho, bancika idokhumenti ngaphambili, ukuyishiya ukuba umtlamo Ikhodi.

Ukuhlaziya izenzo zomlando

I yekucala egatsheni besibili babungubuso ikhodi Conciliar, esenziwa ngo-1649 ngaphansi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Abameli ehilelekile ikhodi yaleli qoqo kanye nayo yonke imithetho okwalandela. Ayemaningi ngisho kukhanselwe futhi imibhalo angasebenzi (njengoba esenezelwe kuya Collection Qedela). Kulokhu, umsebenzi okhethekile eyingoduso parallel ukuhlaziywa imithombo lokusinda, esukela phambi 1649. Bakhandwa eshicilelwe eceleni njengoba incwadi ezimele ebizwa "Ingabe Yizenzo umlando."

I nokuqoshwa imithetho ngaphansi Nicholas 1 zenzeka ngendlela elandelayo. Uhlaziyo endaweni ethile (isib civil). It ngemibuzo bengabodwa. Kulokhu, umthetho civil efanayo babuhlukaniswe izinkathi zomlando eziningana. Lokhu kwaba lula systematization yenqubo, nakuba kwaba namanje kunzima. okubuhlungu nakakhulu kwaba umsebenzi umthetho lobugebengu. Ukubuyekezwa kwe ukuthuthukiswa kwalo ngokomlando kuyinto kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngo-July 1827 umphumela lo msebenzi njengoba "ngepeni test" olunikezwa umbusi. Kwayanelisa. I nokuqoshwa imithetho ngaphansi Nicholas 1 zenzeka kancane kancane.

Imithetho ezilandelwayo Ikhodi

Ukuhlela umsebenzi egatsheni wesibili, Mikhail Speransky banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i engozini, futhi ukwakhela isipiliyoni international ezinkampanini ezifanayo esikhathini esidlule. Ukucinga isikhathi eside azange abe. Izincomo aye akhethwa njengetekisi ireferensi iphuzu by esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon. Lokhu Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi watadisha theory zomthetho ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII kwesokunxele incwadi ocebile ifa. Ethembele lezo zizathu zakhe, Mikhail Speransky washayelwa imithetho embalwa, eyagcina ikhodi ihlanganiswe kwemithetho Russian.

ukuphindaphinda akhishiwe. Too eside, kumagama imithetho sebehlala, kanti eyesibili ingxenye awuzange ungivumele ukuba uthinte essence yabo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa esikhathini esizayo ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi ejensi wombuso, izinkantolo, nokunye. D. Imithetho basakaza on the izifundo wesi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho babuyela banikezwe ukutholakala ezihlokweni, okuyinto yawela egumbini. Ngo-edition sokugcina ucezu ngalunye inenombolo lalo. Le ndoda, ababezijabulisa IREDD, kungenzeka ngokushesha futhi kalula ukuthola isenzo esifanele. Kuyinto lokhu futhi wayefuna ukufinyelela UNikolai 1. I nokuqoshwa wemithetho, ngamafuphi, isibe omunye izinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu wokubusa kwakhe. ukulungiselela owandulelayo Ikhodi usuphethiwe.

Inani imisebenzi Speransky

Singasho ngokuqiniseka futhi ukuthi akukho Speranskii kwakungabakhathazi bafeza nokuqoshwa wemithetho of the Empire, Russian. Waqondisa wonke umsebenzi, wanika izincomo abangaphansi nobunzima avunyelwe futhi ekugcineni zabika enkosini ku ipumelelo igatsha lesibili. Mikhail Speransky Wayeba usihlalo walo myalo Imininingwane ukuthi sikuhlaziye rechecked okusalungiswa sokushicilela esizayo. Kwaba ukuphikelela kwakhe namandla bavunyelwe ukuba abhekane ngokuphumelelayo nesitha umsebenzi omkhulu kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha.

Nokho, kwakukhona izizathu ezibhalwe phansi nokuqoshwa wemithetho of the Empire, Russian ngaphansi Nicholas 1 esalibele. Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba ngokuvamile amaphrojekthi phinda emuva compilers kokuma kwamabhuku. Speransky yena wazifunda zonke emgqeni in the amavolumu 15 Ikhodi. On the okusalungiswa, akakuthandanga, aze ashiye amazwana abo. Ngakho iphrojekthi ikwazi phakathi Kubasunguli kanye neKhomishini izikhathi eziningana, kwaze kwathi ekugcineni, awusebenzi ugaye kuze kukhanye.

Ukuhunyushwa imithetho akusebenzi

Ngokusho izidingo ukuthi ifakwa phambili UNikolai 1, nokuqoshwa wemithetho kwakungabangelwa nje umsebenzi mechanical kabusha idokhumenti. izenzo Esezidonsile futhi ulozhenija ihlanganiswe ku inguqulo endala isiRashiya. Drafters kweKhodi kwadingeka ukuqeda ukwakhiwa okunjalo futhi ukubhala futhi. Kwakuyisikhathi owawudinga umsebenzi nokuchazwa komthetho. Imithetho odlule futhi imiqondo kudingeka iyiswe zinjani izimo engokoqobo Russian kwekhulu XIX.

Njalo umthetho kwakulandelwa mass amanothi nezinkomba imithombo. Ngakho sihloko sivumeleke, futhi abafundi kungaba ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso imithetho ngokuthanda kwabo. Ikakhulukazi eziningi izincazelo yandiswe kwakufanele izenzo livele namakhulu eminyaka XVII-XVIII. Uma drafters ka emuva embhalweni wokuqala noma usebenzise ukuguqulwa, it is esinqunywe ngokuqondile isicelo.

audit

Ukuhlolwa oyinhloko Ikhodi kwenziwa ngendlela kwekomiti lokuhlola amabhuku ekhethekile. Lalihlanganisa abameleli Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye Ministry of Justice. amasheke Okokuqala esigebengwini nemithetho eyisisekelo isimo.

Mabhuku wenza izichibiyelo eziningi. Bagcizelela ukuthi Ikhodi kufanele kube yinto evamile ukukhuluma kwadingeka ukuba ukungezwa NGAPHAMBI isiyingi neziqondiso zezinkonzo ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, wafuna kwenhloko yomnyango ezezimali egor Kankrin. Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, zonke amasiko ibhizinisi ukuthi ngemiyalelo disparate Ministry.

Incwadi ka the Code

umsebenzi ngqo kwi nokulungiselela ebukezwe Ukushicilelwa eyenziwa kusukela 1826 kuya 1832. Ngo-April 1832 kwaba khona ekuhlolweni kokuqala ukuthi. Manifesto lohlobo egcwele Ikhodi esasayinwa uMbusi uNicholas mina-January 31, 1833. Iqaphela inkosi pha zonke ahileleke umsebenzi iziqu omkhulu, impesheni nokunye. D. Ukuze edition nkosi Vault sekuyinto ngodumo, ngoba kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, uNkulunkulu uzwile, walalela umsebenzi. INhloko Yegatsha wesibili Mikhail Speransky wathola umklomelo aphakeme isimo - Order Andreya Pervozvannogo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, e-1839, waba Ukubala.

Ngaphambi edition yakhe kweKhodi ihlolwe ku uMkhandlu Wombuso, eholwa usihlalo walo mzimba, uViktor Kochubey. Lo mhlangano ubuhanjelwe kanye nombusi. Yaphela kanjalo-ke i-nokuqoshwa wemithetho Nicholas 1. Usuku lomcimbi (31 Januwari 1833) ukuthi phakade alotshiwe emlandweni wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo Russian futhi umthetho. Esikhathini Manifesto Kucatshangwa isikhathi wokulungiselela ngesikhathi okumelwe ukuba iziphathimandla wayewazi Ikhodi okulungiselela ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa kwayo. Lolu hlobo sacala kusebenta ku 1 Januwari 1835. kwezinkambiso wayo ukunweba kuyo yonke indawo yoMbuso wase-Russian.

amaphutha

Nakuba Ikhodi kwadingeka simise usinamathelise zangaphandle, akufaneleki ukuba uhlobo okuqukethwe yangaphakathi. Imithetho ngezimiso ezahlukene futhi ubelokhu patchy. Ngokungafani abaqoqi Western, Ikhodi elaliklanywe isimiso incorporation. Esalele yokuthi imithetho azishintshiwe, ngisho noma waphikisa nomunye. Igatsha yesibili yayinesihloko esithi kuphela ukwehlisa ekwakhiweni.

Nicholas akazange kuthinte okushiwo umthetho, ngoba bekubona njengendlela esiyingozi isithembiso kabusha. Zonke wokubusa kwakhe wazama ukulondoloza oludala, sokuqhubeka umbuso autocratic. Kuyinto isimo sakhe sengqondo ngokoqobo kuye kwathinta kanye nokuqoshwa.

Crest isakhiwo

Speransky ahlinzekwa ukwenza Ikhodi ngokuhambisana isimiso yomthetho waseRoma. uhlelo yakhe yayisekelwe encwadini izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko. Kwakuyisikhathi umthetho wangasese kanye nomphakathi. Speransky athuthukile uhlelo lwakhe ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi Nekhodi.

Ngenxa yalokho, yonke into bahlukaniswa baba yizigaba ezingu eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngamunye wabo uhambelana legatsha okuthile komthetho - .. Isimo, zokuphatha, isigebengu, civil, njll izincwadi eziyisishiyagalombili ithuba egcina amavolumu 15.

okusho nokuqoshwa

Ukubukeka Ikhodi lalibonisa esigabeni esisha ekuthuthukiseni yomthetho yasekhaya. Izakhamuzi zezwe ngokokuqala wathola ehlelekile futhi kulula ukusingatha ukushicilelwa ngawo ungabheka ne imithetho esebenzayo. Ngaphambi kokuba lwethulwe lolu kwaba amalungelo ziyaphikisana futhi lalinabashumayeli izingcezu eclectic. Manje isikhathi unsystematic eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule.

ukuthuthukiswa Rapid isiko lomthetho Russian. Manje izikhulu zathukuthela nzima abahlukumeza amandla abo. Izenzo zabo kungenziwa kalula ihlolwe ngokuxhumana ne Code. ekugcineni Abantu bafunda ukuthi iyini umthetho nendlela esetshenziswa. Ukuze edition Russian kweKhodi empeleni kwaba a izinguquko ezinkulu zezombangazwe kanye zomthetho. edition Ngemva kwalokho ukuhlelwa izikhathi eziningana, ngokuvumelana emisha, kule nomthetho uvele ngaphansi abazolandela Nicholas I.