I-Petr Arkadevich Stolypin: i-portrait yomlando ngemuva kwesikhathi

I-Petr Arkadevich Stolypin ingenye yezibalo ezibonakalayo futhi eziphawulekayo emlandweni waseRashiya lapho kuphakama umbuso. Ukuphila kwakhe konke kwakuzinikele ekukhonzeni umbuso. Wayengumbusi ezindaweni ezimbili, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi noNdunankulu, futhi izinqumo zakhe zashintsha izimpilo zezigidi zezakhamizi.

Ubuntwana nentsha

U-Stolypin wazalelwa ngo-1862. Wayengummeleli womndeni ohloniphekile ohloniphekile. Umlobi uMikhail Lermontov wayengumzala wakhe wesibili. Ubuntwana uPetru wadlula kuqala endaweni eyayiseduze neMoscow, bese esifundazweni saseKovno. Wafunda eVilno no-Orel (uyise wayengumuntu wezempi futhi wayevame ukushintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala).

Imfundo ephakeme yaseStolin, engobuciko bomlando ongakwazi ukuyenza ngaphandle kwencazelo yobusha, yamukelwa eSt. Petersburg Imperial University e-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

Isikhulu esiphumelele

Iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye (kusukela ngo-1889 kuya ku-1902), isikhulu esincane esasiboshwe eKovno, lapho ayeyena umholi wesifunda sobukhosi. Kamuva waba umbusi waseGrodno noSaratov. Kwakukhona esifundeni seVolga, eStolypin, ogama lakhe lomlando limelela ukuthi lilwa nombuso, lahlangana neRussia-Japanese War kanye ne-1905 eyesabekayo.

E-Saratov, njengakulo lonke izwe, izinhlupho zaqala. UPetru Arkadevich waphumelela ngempumelelo ekuqinisekiseni isifundazwe esingaphansi. Lapha i-echo ye-revolution yaqhuma ngokungaqondakali.

UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Nongqongqoshe

Impumelelo yeStolin yaqaphela umbusi. UNicholas wamqoka njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe akukona okwakushiwo uStolin. I-portrait yomlando ngemuva kwenkathi ibonisa ukuthi ungumsekeli we-oda elidala. Yingenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe ebukhosini engakwenqaba enkosini.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva waba nguNgqongqoshe. Umfanekiso wesimo sikaPeter Stolypin awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngokuphikisana kwakhe njalo noDuma. Ama-socialists awavumelanga ukuba badlule imithetho. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaphalamende amabili ahlakazwa ngaphambi kwesimiso, futhi isikhulu sikhulu saba yinhlonipho kubantu abakhululekile kanye nabanye abaphikisayo.

Yikuphi okunye okuvezwe ngokomlando iStolin? Ngamafuphi, wayezama ukulondoloza isistimu endala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angenza nokwehlisa. Isibonelo, ezifundazweni ezisentshonalanga kwavela zemstvo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, unqununu waqala ukuvimbela ukuzimela kweFinland eMbusweni waseRussia.

I-Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin (i-portrait yomlando ingase ibonakale iphikisana ekuqaleni) yayiyindoda ephikisana kakhulu nemigomo nemigomo yakhe.

Imizamo

Isimo esinzima eStolypin ezindabeni eziningi asikho nje ukugxeka kwezepolitiki komphakathi, kodwa futhi ukuholela ekusongweni kokuphila. Wayenemizamo engu-11 ngokuphelele (kubonakala sengathi lesi sibalo silinganiswa kuphela nenani lezenzo zobuphekula ezingaphumelelanga no-Alexander II).

Ukuhlaselwa kokuqala eStoolpin kwenziwa ngesikhathi lapho engumbusi waseSaratov. Nokho, le mizamo yayilungele kahle futhi ayikho into eholela kuyo.

Ukuqhuma esiqhingini sase-Aptekarsky

Lapho uPeter Arkadevich ehambela ePetersburg, kwakumlindele umfudumalo enhlokodolobha. Ngo-Agasti 1906, kuqhuma ukuqhuma kwendlu yesikhulu, lapho ayehlala khona lapho evunyelwa khona izakhamuzi. Isiqhingi sase-Aptekarsky sagudluzwa ngomswakama onamandla. I-Radical SRs yangenelela ekwamukelweni ngendlela ehambelana nezivakashi futhi yaqhuma ibhomu. Ukuhlasela kubiza abantu abangu-24. Ngokuyinhloko, lawa yizivakashi eza eStolin ngezikhalo zomuntu siqu. Uphinde wabulawa uPenza umbusi uSergei Khvostov nomqondisi wakhe uPeter Arkadevich - u-Alexander Zamyatin. Abafakazi bokuzibonela bathi uvale uNgqongqoshe ngokwakhe ekuqhumeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodakazi kaStolypin yahlupheka kakhulu. Odokotela basho ukuthi uNatalika kudingeka adonse imilenze yakhe. Ubaba wabakhombisa ukuba bahlehlise ukusebenza. Ngenxa yalokho, ngakwazi ukugcina imilenze yami, kodwa indodakazi yami yayisakhubazekile. U-Stolypin yena akazange ahlupheke ngokuqhuma: kwakungenakuqala. Ingwe yethusi edeskini yakhe yaphuluka odongeni yabe isiphalaza.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo

Ukusabela ekuhlaselweni kwakunzima kakhulu. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva uhulumeni wamemezela ukuthi izinkantolo zempi zaziswa kuleli zwe. Babenelungelo lokubulala isigwebo. Lokhu kwakuyomphakathi othukuthele futhi ophuthumayo.

Ngesikhathi sesigaba se-Duma, i-cadet Rodichev isebenzisa inkulumo ethi "u-Stolypin's tie" (i-allegory for the loop of the gallows) enkulumweni yakhe. Le nkulumo yehla emlandweni (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezincwadi zeSoviet, lapho uSolypin ehlaselwa khona futhi ebizwa ngegazi lokuphendula). UNdunankulu wayekhona kulo mhlangano odumile futhi ubizwa ngokuthi uRochechev ngecala elibi ngenxa yokuhlambalaza. Kamuva, iphinili laxolisa ngamazwi akhe.

Amakhotho aseMpiya agxekwa yi-intelligentsia. Isibonelo, u-Count Leo Tolstoy ngaphansi kombono wesinqumo esinjalo wabhala isihloko esithi "Angikwazi Ukuthula!", Lapho ahlambalaza khona ngombuso. Ngokushesha kwakunobhala obunzima phakathi komlobi odumile kanye noNdunankulu, manje osekusezingeni lomphakathi. U-Tolstoy wayesekelwa ngabantu abanjengobuhle njengo-Alexander Blok, uLeonid Andreev no-Ilya Repin.

Ukufa

Ukuhlasela okuhloswe yiNdunankulu, kwaqhubeka ngemuva kwesiqephu esiqhingini sase-Aptekarsky. UStoppin akazange anqande amaphekula. Isithombe sezomlando salesi ndoda sakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi phakathi nokuphila kwakhe wagxeka zonke izinkinga kuleli zwe.

Ngo-September 1, 1911 (ngokusho kwesitayela esidala) i-Kiev yayiphakathi nendawo yezwe lonke. Bavula isikhumbuzo ku-Alexander II ngokuhlonipha iminyaka engu-50 yeManifesto ekukhululweni kwabasimilayo. Stolypin wafika edolobheni, kanye nawo wonke umndeni wasebukhosini. Izivakashi eziphakeme zaya endaweni yase-Kiev, lapho kwenziwa khona ukusebenza, ngokusekelwe ku-Pushkin ethi "The Tale of Tsar Saltan."

Izinyathelo ezinjalo zidinga izinyathelo zokuphepha ezikhethekile. Umnyango wezokuphepha, owawuphethe umyalelo, wawuthole ulwazi ngaphambi nje kokuthi amanye amaphekula ahlele elinye ukuhlaselwa emndenini wasebukhosini noma kuNgqongqoshe. Lokhu kubikwa ngummemezeli oyimfihlo uDmitry Bogrov, owayengummeli wezinsizakalo ezikhethekile nezinkonzo ezikhethekile.

Nokho, abalindi benza iphutha elibulalayo, bethemba le nsizwa. Umfundi oqeqeshwe yena ngokwakhe wayefuna ukuqeda iStolypin. Njengolwazi, wathola ithikithi kudlalwa. Ephaketheni lakhe wayephethe uBlacking. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, uBrorov weza kuPyotr Arkadevich, ngaleso sikhathi owayekhuluma noNgqongqoshe weNkantolo, uFredericks. Le nsizwa yenza amahlumela amabili. Isibhamu sokuqala sathinta ingalo kaStolinpin, esesibili esiphambanweni sikaSt. Vladimir esiphambanweni sakhe futhi saxubha esibindi. Abahlaseli babanjwa ngokushesha, futhi ngemuva kokuqulwa kwecala babulala.

UNdunankulu, egazini, wawela inkosi eyayiseduze, wahlala phansi esihlalweni sakhe ngombhalo othi "ujabulele ukufa ngenxa yeTsar", ngemuva kwalokho wathunyelwa esibhedlela. Lapho walala ezinye izinsuku ezintathu futhi wafa ngesilonda esibi. Isithombe sezomlando saseStolin senza kucace - kwakungumshintshi omkhulu wezwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokungaqondakali kwakhe kanye nezinqumo ezinzima ukuthi wayesezinhlathini ezinamaphekula amaningi, abokugcina abaye bakwazi ukubulala.

Inani nokulinganisa

UNdunankulu wazama ukulondoloza ubukhosi. Naphezu kobuhlobo obunzima noNicholas II, wayehlale ethembekile kumbusi. Izinguquko zakhe zaqala ukusithinta ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Ukulwa namaphekula kanye nezinguquko kuqinisekisile izwe. Ukuguqulwa kwamapulazi kuye kwavumela izigidi zabantu ukuba zihambe empumalanga futhi zenze ukulima kwazo lapho. Izwe liye lachuma ngokushesha futhi ngo-1913 lafinyelela phezulu kwezomnotho. Imishini yayikhula, ezolimo kanye nosomabhizinisi babelokhu bethuthuka. Naphezu kokuhlolwa kwe-polar, kwezinye izingqinamba uhulumeni kanye no-Duma bafunde ukusebenzisana.

Omunye wabantu, ngenxa yalokho okwaba khona, kwakunguPeter Stolypin. Isithombe sezomlando sale statuette saqala ukuqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kule nkathi yanamuhla kuphela kwacaca ukuthi yonke imizamo yakhe yayikuhle ezweni.

Kodwa imizamo kaNdunankulu yayiyize. Ngo-1914, kwaqala iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. I-Austria yaphikisana neSerbia, lapho iRussia yayisemibuthweni ehlangene. Ngakho ukubulawa kwaqhamuka phakathi kwe-Entente namandla aphakathi. Kungenzeka ukuthi iStolin yayiyovimbela inkosi ukungena empini, kodwa wayengekho. Umkhankaso ophuthumayo wenza ukuba kube nokwanda kokungavumelani komphakathi, futhi ekugcineni kube nokuguqulwa okwabhubhisa isimo se-tsarist. Umbono wendabuko we-PA Stolypin njengomphikisana nama-radicals wenziwa iminyaka eminingi. Umbuso waseSoviet wabonakala ku-premiar tsarist wesitha sakhe esibi kakhulu.