I zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba izakhiwo yensimbi

Iron - ikhemikhali isici owaziwa. Libhekisela isilinganiso metal esisheshayo. Izakhiwo kanye izicelo yensimbi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Ukwanda ngokwemvelo

Kukhona ngempela semali amaminerali, okuhlanganisa Ferrum. Okokuqala, kubalulekile magnetite. Muhle isenti ayisikhombisa nambili ngalinye yakhiwa yensimbi. ifomula wayo chemical - Fe ₃ O _4. Lokhu amaminerali owaziwa nangokuthi magnetite. It has a ukukhanya grey umbala, ngezinye izikhathi ngoba befuna umpofu omnyama black nge ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo metallic. idiphozi sakhe esikhulu kunazo zonke itholakala esifundeni esise-Ural ku CIS.

amaminerali Landelayo nge wokuqukethwe eliphezulu yensimbi - hematite - ke yakhiwa amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa lesi sici. ifomula wayo chemical - Fe ₂ O _3. Ibizwa nangokuthi hematite. It has a umbala kusuka obomvu ansundu ibe bomvu-grey. Le mayini ngobukhulu e-CIS ungaphakathi Kryvyi Rih.

Esesithathu isilinganiso samaminerali Ferrum - limonite. Lapha yensimbi shestdesyat amaphesenti isisindo ingqikithi. Lokhu crystalline, isb e crystal ngehele yayo amanzi nokwelukiweyo molecule yawo yamakhemikhali ifomula - Fe ₂ O ₃ • H ₂ O. Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, lokhu yezimbiwa uba nombala ophuzi-sinombala, ngezinye izikhathi elinsundu. Ungomunye yezingxenye eyinhloko ocher zemvelo futhi lisetshenziswa njengendlela sombala. Ibizwa nangokuthi limonite. Indawo elikhulu nesenzakalo - eCrimea, Urals.

I siderite, le siderite okuthiwa, amaphesenti amane nesishiyagalombili ka Ferrum. ifomula wayo chemical - FeCO _3. isakhiwo sayo akuyona eyohlobo futhi siqukethe lowehlukile axhunyiwe ndawonye zinhlayiya: grey, ukuphaphatheka oluhlaza, gray-lomtfubi, ansundu kakhulu, njalo abanye.

Lokhu kwakamuva kuvame ukuba mineral zemvelo ngokuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu Ferrum - pyrite. It has a ifomula amakhemikhali Fes _2. Insimbi kuba amaphesenti amane nesithupha ka isisindo ingqikithi. Ngenxa athomu nesibabule amaminerali uba nombala ophuzi okusagolide.

Abaningi amaminerali wahlola ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla yensimbi okumsulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, hematite isetshenziswa womshini ubucwebe amatshe zemvelo. inclusions Pyrite zingase ubucwebe Lapis lazuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo insimbi ezitholakala ukubunjwa eziphilayo - ke ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kuseli. Lo msuka trace Kufanele ufake umzimba womuntu eliningi eyanele. ayelapha yensimbi kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi lesi sici kumakhemikhali ngesisekelo hemoglobin. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa Ferrum kuhle isimo igazi, futhi ngenxa yalokho lonke umzimba.

Hardware: ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali izakhiwo

Cabanga oda zalezi zingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu. Izakhiwo yensimbi - kuyinto ukubukeka kwaso, ukuminyana, iphuzu zincibilika, njll Lokho, zonke izici oluhlukanisa izinto ezihlobene nokusebenzelana physics ... izakhiwo Chemical yensimbi - yikhono layo ukuxubana nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. Asiqale ayenzile ngeyokuqala.

Izakhiwo yensimbi

Injalo oluhlanzekile ngawo kwezimo ezivamile kuyinto okuqinile. It has a umbala esiliva-grey futhi uphinyiswa sheen metallic. izakhiwo Mechanical zihlanganisa yensimbi ezingeni ubulukhuni phezu Mohs esikalini. Kuyinto elilingana ezine (isilinganiso). Iron has ezinhle conductivity kagesi kanye conductivity ezishisayo. Isici yokugcina okungase kuthintwe ngokuthinta into yensimbi egumbini abandayo. Njengoba le nto uqhuba ukushisa ngokushesha, yena esikhathini esifushane ithatha ingxenye enkulu isikhumba sakho, ngakho uzizwa ungajabule. Ukuthinta, isibonelo, esihlahleni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi conductivity yayo ezishisayo lingaphansi kakhulu. Izakhiwo yensimbi - ukuthi ukuncibilika ukubila lokushisa yayo. Eyokuqala 1539 degrees Celsius, kanti eyesibili - 2860 degrees Celsius. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi izakhiwo nobuntu yensimbi - plasticity ezinhle futhi fluidity. Kodwa akugcini lapho.

Futhi kule Izakhiwo zensimbi ingxenye yalo ferromagnetic. Kuyini lokhu? Iron, izakhiwo kazibuthe zazo singabona izibonelo ezingokoqobo nsuku zonke - kwensimbi kuphela has lolwehlukanisa esiyingqayizivele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-impahla esebenzayo abazokwazi uzibuthe ngu kazibuthe. Futhi ukuqedwa yensimbi zokugcina, ayesanda kumiswa izakhiwo kazibuthe zazo, isikhathi ngempela kwahlala isikhathi eside uzibuthe uqobo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa zingachazwa ngezinqubo yokuthi isakhiwo se-metal likhona sebuningini electron mahhala, okuyinto bayakwazi ukuqhubeka.

Ngamagama yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Lo msuka osebenza ku izinsimbi umsebenzi isilinganiso. Nokho, insimbi chemical sezindawo ayisibonelo sazo zonke ezinye izinsimbi (ngaphandle kwalezo okuyizinto kuya kwesokudla hydrogen ochungechungeni electrochemical). Kuyinto bakghone ukuphendula amakilasi amaningi izinto.

Asiqale nge elula

Ferrum wasithukuthelela kilorodom, i-nitrogen, Halogen (iodine, uxhumano lokudlulisa, chlorine, fluorine), i-phosphorus, i-carbon. Into yokuqala okufanele icatshangelwe - ukusabela nge oxygenic. Lapho evutha Ferrum oxides zayo akhiwa. Kuye ngokuthi izimo yokusabela kanye olinganise phakathi kwala maqembu womabili, bangakwazi nhlobonhlobo. Njengoba isibonelo ekusebenzisaneni ezinjalo zingaholela ekuphathekeni ukusabela kwesibalo ezilandelayo: 2Fe + O ₂ = 2FeO; 4Fe + 3o ₂ = 2Fe ₂ O _3; 3Fe + 2O ₂ = Fe ₃ O _4. Futhi izakhiwo zensimbi oxide (kokubili okungokomzimba chemical) kungaba nhlobonhlobo, kuye ngokuthi ezihlukahlukene zalo. ukusabela okunjalo kwenzeka ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.

Okulandelayo - ukuxhumana ne-nitrogen eningi. Iphinde singenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kombandela Ukushisa. Uma sithatha amavukuzi ayisithupha ensimbi imvukuzane nitrogen ngayinye ukuthola ezimbili amavukuzi yensimbi nitride. I kwesibalo ukuphendula simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 6Fe + N ₂ = 2Fe ₃ N.

Ngendlela esisabela ngayo phosphorus Kumiswa phosphide. Ukuze ukusabela, izingxenye ezifana ayadingeka: ezintathu Ferrum imvukuzane - imvukuzane phosphorus ngayinye, yakheke ngenxa eyodwa phosphide imvukuzane. I kwesibalo singatlolwa bunjesi elandelayo: 3Fe + P = Fe ₃ P.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kungabuye behlukene phakathi aphansi sulphur izinto ukusabela. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthola sulfide. Isimiso lapho inqubo kumiswa ketshezi, ezifana nalezo ezichazwe ngenhla. Okungukuthi, kukhona ukusabela kwalokho. Ukuze konke ukuhlanganyela amakhemikhali lolu hlobo kudinga izimo ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, okungenani - yelikhono.

Kuyinto evamile nokuba embonini chemical ukuphendula phakathi yensimbi kanye halogens. Lokhu chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluorination. Njengoba ukwaziwa kwaleli gama ngokwalo ukusabela, inqubo zijoyine Ferrum ama-athomu chlorine ama-athomu / uxhumano lokudlulisa / iodine / fluoride ukwakha chloride / bromide / iodide / fluoride ngokulandelana. Lezi izinto kabanzi ezihlukahlukene izimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ferrum uyakwazi ngokuxhuma ne-silicon ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo amakhemikhali yensimbi zihlukene, ngokuvamile elisetshenziswa umkhakha zamakhemikhali.

Ferrum futhi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kusukela izinto ezilula kudlule amangqamuzana zazo ziqukethe ezahlukene izakhi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamakhemikhali. Into yokuqala ukubalula - Ferrum ukuphendula amanzi. Kukhona ziboniswa sezindawo eziyisisekelo yensimbi. Lapho amanzi ukufuthelana kanye yensimbi kwakhiwa oxide eyisisekelo (ibizwa ngokuthi ngakho-ke ngoba yakha hydroxide, ngamanye amazwi uma uxhumana amanzi afanayo - isizinda). Ngakho, uma sithatha isinyathelo esisodwa imvukuzane kokubili izingxenye akhiwa izinto ezifana Ferrum dioxide futhi hydrogen ne iphunga okunoshukela - njengoba ngezabelo izinyo lomhlathi of eyodwa kwenye. I kwesibalo ukusabela okunjalo singatlolwa bunjesi elandelayo: Fe + H ₂ O = Feo + H _2. Kuye olinganise lapho ukuxuba izingxenye ezimbili, enye ungathola trioxide zalokho noma yensimbi. Zombili lezi ejenti kuvamile kakhulu embonini zamakhemikhali, futhi isetshenziswa kwezinye izimboni eziningi.

Nge acid kanye nosawoti

Njengoba Ferrum ishiywa hydrogen ochungechungeni electrochemical ngezinto umsebenzi, ke spososoben azixoshe isici asebenzayo compounds. Isibonelo salokhu ukusabela esikhundleni okuyinto kungabonakala nasemkhakheni uma ungeza insimbi acid. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuxutshwe ngezabelo alinganayo izinyo lomhlathi yensimbi sulfate acid (aka sulfuric) lokuhlushwa Ngokwesilinganiso, ngenxa sithola yensimbi sulfate (II) ne-hydrogen e alinganayo ngezabelo izinyo lomhlathi. I kwesibalo of ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela zaziyoba ibukeke lokhu: Fe + H ₂ SO ₄ = FeSO ₄ + H _2.

Phakathi ukuxhumana ne nosawoti zensimbi wabonakaliswa ekunciphiseni izakhiwo. Okungukuthi, uyisebenzisa ungabahlukanisa kusukela ngaphansi asebenzayo zensimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sithatha isinyathelo esisodwa imvukuzane of copper sulfate kanye Ferrum efanayo, singaluthola yensimbi sulfate (II) nethusi abahlanzekile alinganayo ngezabelo izinyo lomhlathi.

Inani umzimba

Omunye ezivame kakhulu kuleli uqweqwe ka izakhi zamakhemikhali - yensimbi. Properties of ndaba esixoxe ngazo kakade, futhi manje-ke sifika ke kusukela iphuzu begazi umbono. Ferrum has a umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ezingeni amaselula kanye ezingeni wonke umzimba. Ngokuyinhloko insimbi ngesisekelo iprotheni esinjalo e-hemoglobin. Kubalulekile-mpilo ezokuthutha ngegazi ovela emaphashini zonke izicubu, izitho, kuseli ngayinye yomzimba, ikakhulukazi ku-izinzwa ingqondo. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezuzisayo yensimbi ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ithinta kroveobrazovanie, Ferrum Kubalulekile futhi ukusebenza evamile indlala yegilo (idinga hhayi kuphela iodine, njengoba abanye bekholelwa). Futhi, yensimbi ehilelekile umzimba intracellular, ulawula izivikeli mzimba. Okuningi ikakhulukazi Ferrum eliningi enkulu itholakala amaseli isibindi, ngoba kuyakusiza iwukudambisa izinto eziyingozi. Uphinde omunye yezingxenye oyinhloko izinhlobo eziningi enzyme emzimbeni wethu. I yokudla komuntu kwansuku zonke kufanele ibe angu eziyishumi kuya amabili trace isici.

Ukudla okunothe

okuningi okunjalo. Badla kokubili nezitshalo nezilwane imvelaphi. Okokuqala - lokhu okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu (ikakhulukazi nokunye okufana nokolweni), ama-aphula, amakhowe (omhlophe), izithelo ezomisiwe, rosehips, amagonandoda, amapentshisi, ukwatapheya, ithanga, nama-alimondi, amakhiwane, utamatisi, broccoli, iklabishi, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amajikijolo, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, njll . Okwesibili - isibindi, inyama. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqukethwe yomkhiqizo yensimbi okusezingeni eliphezulu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, njengoba umzimba we-fetus kwakhiwa ifuna imali ethé xaxa enkulu Micronutrient ukukhula efanele kanye nokuthuthukiswa.

Izimpawu ukuntuleka yensimbi emzimbeni

Izimpawu lemali oluncane khulu Ferrum ngokufaka zomzimba ziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ukukhathala, izandla njalo ukuqanda izinyawo, ukucindezeleka, izinwele ziyaqothuka nezinzipho, bokusungula ukunciphisa umsebenzi, iziyaluyalu wokugaya ukudla, ukusebenza ongaphakeme, ukungasebenzi indlala yegilo. Uma uqaphela ezinye zalezi zimpawu, kubalulekile ukwandisa isibalo imikhiqizo equkethe yensimbi ekudleni kwakho noma ukuthenga amavithamini noma amaphilisi equkethe Ferrum. Futhi, qiniseka ukuthi ubona udokotela uma nanoma yiziphi lezi zimpawu uzizwa kakhulu kabi.

Ukusebenzisa Ferrum Imboni

Isicelo nezakhiwo yensimbi ezihambelana eduze. Ngenxa ferromagnetic yayo, isetshenziswa womshini odonsa - kokubili buthaka ukusetshenziswa ekhaya (isikhumbuzo odonsa esiqandisini, njll ...) Futhi namandla kakhulu - ngenhloso ezimbonini. Ngenxa yokuthi i-metal kubhekwe has namandla high kanye ubulukhuni, ne zasendulo yayo esetshenziselwa izikhali, zempi, kanye namanye amathuluzi empi futhi yasekhaya. By the way, eGibhithe lasendulo liye eyaziwa yensimbi meteoric nge izakhiwo siphakeme kunabo bonke abanye abantu abangafani nabo ngokwezomnotho metal ezivamile. Futhi insimbi ekhethekile zazisetshenziswa eRoma lasendulo. Kusukela yathela isikhali elite. Bazivikele noma inkemba yenziwe ngensimbi meteoric, kungenzeka kuphela indoda ecebile kakhulu futhi ovelele.

Ngokuvamile, izinto eziyinsimbi, esizoyicabangela kulesi sihloko, iyona enemisebenzi kunazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa iqembu. Okokuqala, wenza steel bese waphonsa yensimbi, ezisetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuyadingeka umkhakha futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Sakaza yensimbi ebizwa yensimbi ne-carbon ingxubevange, lapho okwamanje yesibili kusukela 1.7 kuya amaphesenti 4.5. Uma yesibili angaphansi kwamaphesenti 1.7 ke lolu hlobo ingxubevange eyaziwa ngokuthi steel. Uma carbon elikhona ukubunjwa mayelana 0.02 per cent, khona-ke kuyinto yensimbi abavamile kwezohwebo. Ukuba khona kwe-carbon e ingxubevange okudingekayo ukuze lidlulisele amandla enkulu, ukuzinza ezishisayo, ukumelana rusting.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-steel ingaqukatha nezinye izakhi eziningi njengoba ukungcola. Lokhu manganese, ne phosphorus, ne-silicon. kuleli hlobo ingxubevange ukuze udlulisele izimfanelo ezithile Futhi angase engezwe chromium, nickel, molybdenum, i-tungsten namanye izakhi eziningi zamakhemikhali. Izinhlobo steel, lapho semali Silica samanje (ezine amaphesenti), esetshenziswa njengoba transformer. Labo e okwakhiwa kwalo okuningi manganese (kufika ku nambili noma nane per cent) ukuthola isicelo enkulu ekwakhekeni izingxenye ojantshi, Mills, grinders kanye namanye amathuluzi, futhi izingxenye zazo angaphansi nemihuzuko okusheshayo.

Molybdenum is busuka Ukwakheka ingxubevange, ukwenza kube more uzinze thermally - ezifana steel elisetshenziswa ithuluzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze bathole wonke ezaziwa futhi evame ukusetshenziswa emakhaya ngesimo imimese kanye namanye amathuluzi yasendlini lezinsimbi engagqwali kumele kwengezwe ku-chromium ingxubevange, nickel futhi titanium. Futhi ukuze uthole umthelela ukumelana, namandla high, ductility, kwanele ukuze ungeze vanadium. Lapho bengena niobium ingafinyelela ukumelana ukugqwala futhi izinto amakhemikhali nolaka.

Mineral magnetite, okuyinto okukhulunywe ngaye ngaphambili kulesi sihloko, udinga ukwakha hard drive, khadi namanye amadivayisi yalolu hlobo. Ngenxa izakhiwo kazibuthe yensimbi ingatholakala apharathasi ka Transformers, izinjini, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ferrum ungakwazi ukwengeza ezinye Alloys metal ukungadluliseli amandla nokuqina lokukhanda. Sulfate lesi sici isetshenziswa ukulima yokulawula izinambuzane (kuhlanganise zethusi sulfate). Iron chloride azinakusilela umshini ohlanza amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo powder magnetite isetshenziswa amaphrinta omnyama nomhlophe. Indlela eyinhloko kwesicelo pyrite - ukuthola therefrom sulfuric acid. Le nqubo ithatha indawo endaweni yokucwaninga ngezigaba ezintathu. Ngo isinyathelo sokuqala pyrite Ferrum ashisiwe ukunikeza oxide ferric ne-sulfur dioxide. Isinyathelo sesibili siwukuthi ekuguquleni Sulphur dioxide trioxide yayo, ne iqhaza oxygen. Futhi esigabeni sokugcina okokusebenza okuholela is badabula Umhwamuko uhamba ebukhoneni catalysts, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukunikeza sulfuric acid.

Ukuthola yensimbi

Ngokuyinhloko metal esebenzayo akhishwa namaminerali zayo ezimbili eziyinhloko: magnetite futhi hematite. Yenza lokhu nge nokwehlisa yensimbi kusuka carbon yayo compounds ngesimo coke. Lokhu kwenziwa esithandweni kuqhuma, lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela degrees ayizinkulungwane ezimbili centigrade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona indlela ukubuyisela Ferrum hydrogen. Ngenxa yale njongo ngokukhethekile khona wesithando kuqhuma. Ukuqalisa le ndlela ithatha udaka olukhethekile, ixubene ore ochotshoziwe futhi ziphathwe hydrogen esithandweni kushaft.

isiphetho

I izakhiwo kanye nezicelo yensimbi nhlobonhlobo. Lona mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu metal. Ukuba ezaziwayo, wathatha indawo wethusi ngaleso sikhathi okwalotshwa main womshini amathuluzi, kanye nezikhali. Steel nensimbi ngezindlela eziningi bebakhulu ingxubevange ye nethini ngokuya impahla yayo ngokomzimba, ukumelana ukucindezeleka mechanical.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yensimbi eplanethini yethu evame kakhulu kunamanye izinsimbi eziningi. ingxenyenamba IMisa e ungqimba lomhlaba cishe yamaphesenti ayisihlanu. Kuyinto lesine ngobuningi chemical isici ngokwemvelo. Futhi, lesi sici chemical ibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza evamile umzimba zezilwane nezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngoba kusekelwe hemoglobin eyakhelwe. Iron kuyinto trace element ebalulekile, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto ebaluleke for impilo kanye nokusebenza kwezitho evamile. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, kuba metal kuphela anezakhi kazibuthe esiyingqayizivele. Ngaphandle Ferrum akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngokuphila kwethu.