Homologs - igunya, zinyanga indlela kwehlukana

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX ngu-German ososayensi E.Gekkelem F. Müller embryological sina futhi izifundo yokwakheka ngokuqhathanisa Kwakuseshwa, okuholela ukudalwa umthetho biogenetic, kanye nokuthuthukiswa imibono mayelana imizekeliso, homologies, iziqalo kanye atavism. Lesi sihloko Sizokwenza ekutadisheni iqembu elinjalo eziphilayo equkethe ophilayo homologues emizimbeni. It is zisakazwa nezitshalo nezilwane zomhlaba lezinto zabo zomzimba banendabuko efanayo futhi uhlelo ezivamile isakhiwo, nakuba ngaphandle nibonakala ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Yini eye yaholela ukuba ukubukeka kwabo?

izimbangela

izinqubo kwemvelo ezenzeka kwemiphakathi wezinto eziphilayo ziyisisekelo microevolution. Ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha kungenzeka ngenxa sokuzuza eziphilayo wonke umehluko omkhulu, ezithinta kokubili lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo. Inqubo kuholela iphutha izici morphological kanye yokwakheka kokuvela efana ukusabela komzimba nokushintsha yizici zemvelo, ngokuthi kwehlukana. Homologues - kuyingxenye umzimba abantu ngubani sezibekwe ngaphansi kwemvelo, futhi kwakhiwa ngenxa lithathelwe letitfolakala endzaweni yabo. Babetadisha ngokuningiliziwe ngokuhamba wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Izici isakhiwo kwezilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla

I forelimbs ezincelisayo iyokwakhiwa amathambo efanayo: humerus, ulna, osabalalayo, carpal, metacarpal futhi phalanges. Kodwa ezihlukahlukene zezemvelo phezu evolyuchii eziphoqelelwe mikhondo njengoba oluthile forelimb lwamathambo futhi umsebenzi wayo. Engingakusho nje ukuqhathanisa ukubukeka, ukuma wawungakanani izingxenye zomzimba, ngokwesibonelo, indlulamitsi, nenkawu noma imvukuzane. Lokho kwehlukana oluyisisekelo ukubukeka anjenge homologues. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukuqhathanisa izifundo yokwakheka hhayi kuphela phakathi kwamaqembu ezihlukene zezilwane, kodwa futhi emhlabeni zezitshalo. Ake sixoxe ngazo esigabeni esilandelayo.

Ukuguqulwa izitho vegetative

Phakathi ontogeny ye izitshalo zomhlaba hhayi kuphela ukuthola izici ezintsha, kodwa futhi ukuguqula izingxenye zomzimba wakho. Ngo ezesayensi yezitshalo, into okuthiwa ukuguqulwa izingxenye vegetative, futhi zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu kudivayisi esiqubukile ngokuhamba phylogeny. Ibuke kungaba abamele uMnyango zezimbali. Sinenkosi lokhu kuholela ukuvela izakhiwo ezifana homologs. Lokhu kubonakala ngendlela ukusabela oluhambelana izici zemvelo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uhlelo luyimpande yazo zonke izimila eziveza imbewu ukuthuthukisa kusuka izimpande embryonic ohlelweni olulodwa, futhi yenza jikelele zonke izinhlobo imisebenzi: nenkanuko edlulele emhlabathini, ukwesekwa, abancela bephethe yamanzi nokumbiwa izixazululo. Nokho, ukubukeka kwangaphandle izimpande ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, uma baqala imisebenzi ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, homologous umsuka enokuziphakamisa ka pandanus, likhula emaxhaphozini ezishisayo.

Abayeki Ezansi stem shí emanzini, ekuvimbeleni ke kusukela abolile. Ama-orchid izimpande zasemoyeni homologous izitho komhlaba - ababandakanyeka isizinda amavolumu eyengeziwe air for breathing izitshalo. Khonza njengoba agcina ukuqongelela isitashi nezinye organic compounds, impande beetroot kanye isanqante, iJerusalema i-artichoke futhi dahlia korneklubni. Konke lokhu ukulungiswa - homologues. Lokhu biology phikisana kufanele, ngoba zihambisana nomunye kanye isimiso esejwayelekile isakhiwo komhlaba umzimba - impande.

Homology emzimbeni womuntu

Abameleli besigaba yezilwane ezinomgogodla, okubandakanya Homo sapiens, unecebo uhlaka olulodwa kohlelo locomotor, ikakhulukazi, Axial ingxenye - yomgogodla.

Kodwa umuntu othize kwavela njengoba lithathelwe ekuhambeni uqotho, isibonelo, ngesimo yomgogodla ungathi incwadi Latin S. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule skeleton esitho elingenhla, ehlanganisa ithambo esifanayo, njengoba izilwane, lo phalanx we isithupha okuphikisana nezinye iminwe ezine ukuthi kuyinto umphumela ikhono ukusebenza imisebenzi. Homologues ingabe bonke laba izibonelo zibe e inqubo anthropogenesis.