"Ifilosofi Kristu" Erasmus Basic Imibono

Imfundiso ka-Erasmus yisibonelo okuthiwa zobuntu ngaphesheya Alps. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inkulumo ethi "Renaissance" akunakubangelwa Northern Europe kuphela ngezinga elikhulu conditionality. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu kuthambekela kwaba hhayi kakhulu efana Italian Renaissance. Abaphika aseNyakatho Yurophu abazange bazame ngakho lukhulu ekuvuseleleni amasiko endala, kodwa ukuqonda luwumgogodla wobuKristu. Esikhathini esiningi esikhululekile wafundiswa akunjalo kaPlato no-Aristotle, kodwa iBhayibheli. Ngakho-ke, ukuze 'ngaphesheya Alps Renaissance, "isici sobuntu omunye mkhuba - eNkathini Yezinguquko. Kodwa iningi abamele Northern Renaissance (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, i-sezifundo Erazm Rotterdamsky), zonke ukugxekwa iSonto LamaRoma Katolika, akuyona into ngaphandle kwekamu amaProthestani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bafuna ukuguqula ihlelo elalingelamaFilisti, kodwa ikhefu ephelele nalo kuyangethusa nabo. Erasmus is njengoba uMdali uhlelo olusha zenkolo, lapho wazama ukuphendula umbuzo yini okufanele kube isibopho womuntu kuNkulunkulu, futhi yini indawo konke lokhu ukuthatha zokuziphatha futhi kuhlanzekile ngokokuziphatha ezaziwayo.

Wayengubani Erazm Rotterdamsky

Kafushane ngalomuntu okungavamile, ungathi lokhu okulandelayo. Wayeyindodana engumlanjwana zompristi kanye indodakazi kadokotela, yena wazalwa ngo Emaphethelweni Rotterdam ngaphansi kwegama Gouda. Yingakho yakhe isidlaliso, njengoba kwakuyinhlalayenza ngalezo zinsuku. Lokho okuthiwa abantu abangokomoya, ikakhulukazi izindela - ngegama nendawo umuntu azalelwa. Njengoba abazali bakhe ushone ekuseni, ababheki athonya insizwa ukuthatha umgubuzelo. Kodwa ngoba kwakungeyona ukukhetha kwakhe, kunzima indela wanikwa sefilosofi esizayo. Ngaphambi ukwenza izifungo, wayejwayelene zabuna wasendulo, wamshaya fancy wakhe. Ezemfundo uye wamsiza futhi ukuba ushintshe endabeni yokuphila kwakhe. Omunye ababhishobhi kwakudingeka kuNobhala-Latinist. Erasmus kungathatha kule ndawo ngosizo kumqashi wakhe ashiye ukuphila injabulo. Nokho, ngaso sonke isikhathi wayeba yenkolo ezijulile. Erasmus uhambo. Wayefanele ithuba lokuyofunda eSorbonne. Elapho lizenza utadisha yenkolo, kodwa eqinisweni wafundiswa Latin izincwadi. Erazm Rotterdamsky ngiphuphe isifundo seBhayibheli. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ufunde ngolimi lwesiGreki. Lokhu sefilosofi esizayo wahlanganyela sina. Uphinde wahambela England, lapho ahlangana khona uThomas More kanye namahlaya kanye imibono emihle mayelana kukhona amasiko.

Qala umsebenzi

Ukubukwa Erasmus waqala ukwakha e Oxford. Elapho, watholana no-abayithandayo yezinto zakudala, ngubani zamhudulela eqenjini labangane bakhe. Lapho amawaka, anamakhulu mahlanu, usosayensi esizayo ibuyele Paris, into yokuqala engiyibonayo wanyathelisa incwadi ku aphorisms zesiGreki nesiLatin. Yena kamuva waya izinguqulo eziningana. ososayensi Life Uthole sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha. Manje ukufeza izinjongo ezimbili Erasmus khona - ukuze popularize abalobi basendulo ekhaya nokushicilela mbhalo uyiqiniso the New Testament, eyahunyushwa isuselwa esiGrekini. Theology kwakungelona esemqoka umdlalo-ihhashi lakhe. Imfundiso ka-Erasmus kwakuminyene a zokuziphatha futhi zefilosofi. Wayesebenza kangaka ukuthi abantu ababephila wazibuza ukuthi Umuntu oyedwa wayengaba ukubhala kangaka. Lwenza imisebenzi yesayensi, journalism ezithandwayo, futhi emakhulwini izinguqulo olimini lwesiLatini zemibhalo yesandla yesiGreki. Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe kubangani kuphela abasala ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezimbili.

Ukubhala imisebenzi emikhulu

Ngemva kokuqeda izifundo zakhe eSorbonne, Erasmus aphoqeleka ukuba aphile ezimweni straitened. Wayevame esihambela Paris eNetherlands futhi emuva, abahlala Leuven, Orleans, ngcono ekufundeni isiGreki. Kwakungenxa leminyaka, Erazm Rotterdamsky wabhala "Izikhali zangaleso iqhawe yobuKristu." Le ncwadi Wawugujelwani yezimfundiso zakhe, nakuba ukuthandwa sefilosofi waletha enye umsebenzi. Kuyo, wayebonakala yesibili isisusa eyinhloko Italian Renaissance. Umqondo oyinhloko yalo msebenzi wukuthi ithoshi ubuKristu ehlangene impumelelo endala. Ngo-1506 waya e-Italy, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka ethi ayibe mithathu. Lapha nguye ophethe ukuthola iziqu, ukuvakashela Venice neRoma. Ngo 1509, u-Erasmus futhi wabuyela eNgilandi, lapho emenywa ngu Tomas Mor, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola Shansela ka senkosi yamaNgisi uHenry VIII. Yena, lapho ayesengumuntu isikhulu, futhi, kwaba abangane kanye sefilosofi yakhe Tikhulu kakhulu. Esikhathini esithile hero indaba yethu kunifundisile eCambridge. ENgilandi, Erasmus wabhala umsebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke - the ukudlala "uDumo Ubuwula", okuyinto zihlobene izinhlamvu njengo- usosayensi imbongolo clown njengabantu abahlakaniphile ngokwezwe. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa kuyi-Paris ngo-1511, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umlobi salo sesibe inkanyezi wangempela ke Europe.

"Basel unkom 'idlayodwa"

Enye Admirer of Erasmus Crowned - uMbusi uCharles Omkhulu Wesihlanu - wammisa njengenhloko umeluleki wakhe nge ngihola kahle, kanye nokuntuleka yisiphi isibopho. Lokhu kwavumela sefilosofi ngokuphelele sehlulwe umsebenzi wakhe ozithandayo kanye nohambo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wakwazi uqaphele iphupho lakhe zaziswe. E Basel, kufika izithelo zeminyaka yakhe abaningi umsebenzi - umbhalo wesiGreki iVangeli. Kodwa, izazi zeBhayibheli zithi lolu hlobo futhi siqukethe amaphutha, kodwa nokho kwaba ngesisekelo sokucwaninga ezibucayi the New Testament. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, a lot of izincwadi ezibhaliwe Erazm Rotterdamsky. Ekuqhubeni ke ngesikhathi - kungcono ikakhulukazi izinguqulo. UPlutarch noSeneca, Cicero futhi Ovid, u-Origen no-Ambrose, izimbongi lasendulo, izazi-mlando kanye Fathers of the Church - futhi igama it. Nakuba Erasmus njalo uhambo phakathi Switzerland, Freiburg futhi Besancon, wabizwa ngokuthi "Basel unkom 'idlayodwa." Nakuba kakade ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukugula, izifo ungazange kwamvimbela ekuthatheni ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo mpikiswano bokusungula ahlukahlukene nabantu ayephila nabo. Ngokwesibonelo, Erazm Rotterdamsky wagomela ngentukuthelo noLuther. Incwadi "Basel unkom 'idlayodwa" "Inkululeko yokuzikhethela" wezinguquko enkulu wathi umsebenzi "Ubugqila kuthanda wena." Akekho kubo akazange avumelane lombuyekezi. Imisebenzi ka-Erasmus Basel isikhathi - liphinde azibhala ku ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu ukuhluzwa philological sendlela kahle athi isiGreki amazwi isiLatini ukucabanga Pedagogical ngemfundo kwesokudla nababusi, indaba mayelana nezwe okuphakade, kanye search for ubunye Church, ngisho izindaba eTestamenteni Elisha alengayo uwuchaze. Izenzakalo olunegazi ngeNkathi Yezinguquko ethuke futhi wacasulwa kuye, kodwa wanamathela Uveza umbono wakhe, njalo phakathi amakamu amabili aphikisanayo. Erazm Rotterdamsky washona ngo-1536, e-Basel efanayo.

sezifundo

Izazi-mlando ukuhlukanisa ezimbili izizukulwane German kanye ne-Anglo-Dutch Renaissance. Erazm Rotterdamsky kwakungekaNkulunkulu omncane kubo. Izwe lakubo yangempela kwakungelona Holland, hhayi IFrance neJalimane, futhi endulo esithandayo. namaqhawe wakhe wayazi ngokuseduze njengeNkosi abangane bakhe. Humanism Erasmus ebonakaliswa yokuthi wayesebenzisa isayensi, izincwadi kanye ukuphrinta ukuze ahlinzeke okunomthelela engakaze ibonwe tebantfu. Ubungane naye wabangisa adingekayo, futhi abaningi edolobheni wamthembisa iholo unomphela kuphela yokuthi uhlala. Kuye iseluleko - indlela emkhakheni wefilosofi nezepolitiki - turning amakhosi, nezikhulu nabantu nje ukuthi ufundile. Latin futhi izincwadi zasendulo , wayazi, mhlawumbe kangcono kunanoma ubani omunye eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi umbono wayo ukulibiza imisindo ethile embhalweni wesiGreki, isibe amanyuvesi ehamba phambili.

Moralist, satirist, isazi sefilosofi

Labo imisebenzi Erasmus waseRotterdam owanikhipha kuye udumo okungakaze udumo emhlabeni wonke, abhalwa kuye, ngamazwi akhe, "Akukho lutho olungcono ukukwenza." Ngokwesibonelo, "uDumo Ubuwula" phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kuphela okuye kwanyatheliswa ngokucekelwa izikhathi ezingamashumi amane. Lokhu ukubhinqa ngabandayo nabanye nokwabelana ukubhuqa kwaba bejabule futhi benethemba - it is hhayi usekhwele futhi akulishayi indiva izisekelo. Ngakho-ke, futhi baba nempumelelo neziphathimandla. Kodwa nombhali ukubaluleka olwengeziwe enamathiselwe amabhuku yakhe pedagogy, ikakhulukazi kwezemfundo wezikhulu nokufundisa kobuKristu izingane izilimi. Esiqongolweni ukunxanela kwakhe, yena kubhekwa imisebenzi yenkolo futhi zemfundo. Embize "ifilosofi Kristu". Kubaluleka wakhe wangcwatshwa Oxford. Lapho, kanye namanye amalungu kwesiyingi abathandi endala kuqala washayelwa izisekelo zobuntu lobuKristu Erazm Rotterdamsky. Imibono oyinhloko le imfundiso, uye walisho omunye wakhe izincwadi zokuqala.

"Angababulali we iqhawe Christian"

Yini Erasmus wabhala ebusheni bakhe, wakhonza njengephayona inkanyezi eqondisa eliyingqayizivele ngaye. isihloko sebhuku futhi linencazelo ejulile. Lesi sifaniso elalivame ukusetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe ukuze izimo zokuphila ikholwa leqiniso. Kufanele nsuku zonke ukuze ngingene empini, ukulwa amanani abo, ukuba nimelane izono nezilingo. Ngenxa yale njongo kubalulekile lula ubuKristu, ukwenza kucace kuwo wonke umuntu. Okutholakalayo ke kusukela izingubo esindayo zesikole ukuthi ufihle essence. Kufanele ubuyele izimiso zobuKristu bokuqala, ukuqonda ukuthi yini kukholelwa abantu owadala umphakathi kuqala. Udinga ukuba banamathele imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha ezokwenza uphile impilo ephelele futhi usize abanye. Futhi ekugcineni, kufanele balingise Kristu uqobo, ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa imibono kanye nezimiso zemiBhalo. Futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ukuqonde abuye ahumushe iVangeli owanikhipha uMsindisi, kuzo zonke alula, ngaphandle Ukuhlanekezelwa zesikole nokweqisa. Lona nefilosofi kaKristu.

New imfundiso yenkolo Erasmus

Kuye kuthiwe ukuthi lokhu kwande kakhulu umbhali ushiye lenqwaba eseyi, azibhala namabhuku isikhathi eside njalo European abafundile, ikakhulukazi abazalwa yizicukuthwane, abaqeqeshiwe wona. Phela, umuntu oyisibonelo ukuze bonke abantu eziphucuzekile kwenkathi kwaba Erazm Rotterdamsky. I imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo ucwaningo zakhe zemfundiso yenkolo futhi yaba kuncike cwaningo nenhlonipho. It yabakhanga sabantu abaphila ngenkathi eyodwa sefilosofi akazange sebenzisa izindlela zenkolo bendabuko. Ngetulu kwaloko, bekatsatsa usulu kakhulu scholasticism namanje "uDumo Ubuwula". Futhi eminye imisebenzi, akazange akhononde. Umbhali ugxeke iziqu zayo, amasu, apharathasi lwetibalo okunengqondo, ucabangela ukuthi ososayensi yayo philosophizing ubuKristu ilahleke. Zonke lezi udokotela abaqhoshayo ezingxoxweni yakhe uyinyumba futhi ezingenalutho ezama ukushintsha izinhlobo ezahlukene izincazelo kaNkulunkulu. Ifilosofi Kristu ukhululekile kukho konke lokhu. It yakhelwe esikhundleni zonke ukusivumela kusukela inkinga umunwe, ngakho ngolaka okuxoxwe ngazo imvelo yesayensi, zokuziphatha. Khuluma mayelana kwenzekani esibhakabhakeni - akuwona umgomo wemfundiso yenkolo. Kufanele ukubhekana izinto yesikhashana, iqiniso lokuthi abantu kudingeka. Ukuvula yenkolo, omunye kumelwe uthole impendulo imibuzo kunazo ukuphokophela. Isibonelo yilolu hlobo lokucabanga, Erasmus ukholelwa mpendulwano ka USocrates. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Izinzuzo talking," wabhala ukuthi ukuhlakanipha sefilosofi lasendulo baphoqeleka ukuba iyokwehla ezulwini futhi siphile phakathi kwabantu. Kunjalo - in the game, kuhlanganise amadili nezemikhosi - kufanele nixoxe ngalokhu sublime. Lezi zingxoxo abalingiswa kokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu. Ingabe akukhona lokho, uJehova wakhuluma abafundi bakhe?

Uxhumano amasiko ahlukene

Izimfundiso zakhe satirical risible Erazm Rotterdamsky ngokuvamile kuqhathaniswa "Silenus Alkviada" - ugly ubumba imifanekiso yezinto zokudlala, okuyinto kufihlwe ubuhle amazing kanye proportionality ka eziqoshiwe onkulunkulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akubona bonke zezinkulumo zakhe okufanele zithathwe njengoba zinjalo. Uma uthi ukholo lobuKristu - luhlobene eduze nobuwula, umlobi akufanele kuthathwe for umuntu ophika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Wamane ukholelwa ukuthi akuhambisani okuthiwa ukuhlakanipha esikoleni. Kuyinto enkathini "yasezulwini ubuhlanya" Abantu ungakwazi ukuxhuma noNkulunkulu, okungenani isikhashana emfushane. Ngakho Erazm Rotterdamsky walungisiswa umzamo kubuketa ngamasiko asendulo emoyeni yobuKristu. Nokho, wayengeyona, afana noLuther, ukuwela Rubicon futhi senqabe oFata beSonto kanye maSiko Angcwele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba abashisekeli bezinguquko, efuna ukubuya izinsuku abaphostoli nabafundi koMsindisi. Kodwa ukufakazela ifilosofi yokukholelwa Kristu waba itshe lawo legumbi. Basaqhubeka waba nobuntu wangempela uhlobo Renaissance. Yebo, Erasmus ulahla Abefundisi bamaKatolika nabamaProthestani-oda Izigodlo ngokwayo, okuyinto, ngokusho umbhali, silwanyana igama Kristu futhi nobuwula kwabantu. Wabuye (Nokho covertly) uthi mayelana inadmissibility zempi nobudlova egameni lenkolo. Nokho ngale yesiko lamaKatolika ngeke siye.

zobuntu Christian ka-Erasmus

Kuyinto ukuhlanzwa omunye imiqondo esemqoka kule imfundiso yenkolo entsha. Yebo, umuntu angaba nendawo emkhathini, njengoba wabiza yi abaphika Italy. Kodwa ukuqaphela lokhu ekahle, okucatshangwa ukuthi lula ukholo lwabo, kwenze ngobuqotho futhi baqala ukuba alingise uKristu. Khona-ke uyoba yini kwakufanele abe ecebeni yoMdali. Kodwa Erasmus umuntu wesimanje, njengoba ngangicabanga umbhali, kanye zonke izikhungo adalwe ke, kuhlanganise isimo kanye neBandla, kodwa akude kakhulu le ndawo enhle. UbuKristu eqinisweni phambili ukuphishekela okuhamba phambili kwe-zefilosofi zasendulo. Musa badlala nge umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkolo jikelele eziyoholela ukuvumelana global? UbuKristu nje kuyisiphetho esingokwemvelo izifiso zawo. Ngoba umbuso wezulu e ukunikezelwa kwama-Erasmus - kuyinto efana kaPlato Republic, lapho konke kuyinto enhle, ukuthi wadala kwabezizwe, uJehova futhi otholakele. Waze uzwakalise amangazayo ngalezo zikhathi umqondo wokuthi umoya ubuKristu ngobubanzi okuningi kunalokho samukelwa ukukhuluma. Futhi kwabangcwele zikaNkulunkulu eziningi kakhulu salabo isonto abagcotshwa lokhu absented. Ngisho ifilosofi yakhe kaKristu Erazm Rotterdamsky ubiza imvuselelo. Ngalokhu, kusho hhayi kuphela ukubuyisela ubumsulwa yokuqala iSonto, kodwa futhi kuyindlela engokwemvelo yomuntu, obadalwa ekuqaleni ezinhle. Futhi ngenxa uMdali wakhe wenza lokhu ezweni, ukuba kufanele ajabulele. Kumele ukuthi imibono ka-Erasmus awavumelani abalobi hhayi kuphela samaKatolika, kodwa futhi ongqondongqondo ngokuyinhloko amaProthestani. Inkulumo yabo senkululeko kanye nesithunzi sobuntu kuyafundisa kakhulu iphinde iphakamise ukuthi ngamunye wabo ngendlela yabo abonile izici ezihlukahlukene imvelo yethu.