IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Imboni yobisi eRussia. Imboni yobisi: ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezinkinga. Dairy nenyama umkhakha

Kunoma umnotho, indima ukudla umkhakha isimo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Okwamanje, amabhizinisi umkhakha ezweni lethu, kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane 25 isabelo ukudla ekukhiqizeni Imininingwane Russian -. 10%. Imboni yobisi ingenye zakhela emagatsheni awo. Kuhlanganisa amabhizinisi akhiqiza imikhiqizo yabo kusukela ubisi. Esikalini zokukhiqiza kanye ehlonza eziningi abantu, lokusungula yabo futhi ofuzo.

yobisi Umhlaba nenyama umkhakha

umkhakha Ukudla unawo wonke States, kodwa mayelana nokuthuthuka yayo, kuhlukile kakhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene. abaholi Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke kukhona amazwe athuthukile kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimboni eziningi, kuhlanganise yobisi inyama umkhakha, babe lunye ngamazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanye States kukhona abathuthi ezinkulu, kuyilapho abanye - abathengi ezinkulu.

Inyama umkhakha - igatsha lunye ngamazwe aseYurophu (France, ikakhulukazi e-Italy, eJalimane, eNetherlands, Spain, Belgium kanye Denmark), i-Nyakatfo Melika, New Zealand, e-Australia, kanye kunamazwe asathuthuka (naseBrazil, eChina, Uruguay, Argentina). Ukuthutha elikhulu mikhiqizo ku eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke ezibhekwa amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. akhawunti Bona cishe 50% wenani izwe emazweni angaphandle. abaholi umkhakha ne-United States, e-Australia ne-Brazil. I abangenisa enkulu yomkhiqizo abhekwa emazweni Western Europe, Japan neRussia.

Imikhiqizo yobisi ekhiqizwa eYurophu nase-United States, Belarus, eRussia, Ukraine, New Zealand nase-Australia. Lodumo usezuze ibhotela Finnish nesiFulentshi, ushizi ezivela eJalimane, eFrance, eSwitzerland Netherlands naseLithuania, ukhilimu omuncu esuka e-Estonia Finland, iyogathi kusuka Germany neFrance. Abaholi imikhiqizo yobisi ukuphakela ezimakethe zomhlaba jikelele kukhona amazwe aseYurophu (ikakhulukazi North kanye Central), kanye Australia naseNew Zealand. abangenisa Its main - emazweni CIS kanye China.

ukukhiqizwa ubisi ikakhulukazi

Ubisi ngezici zawo umsoco ukudla ukubukwa ephelele kakhulu. Kuyinto cishe ngokuphelele Ukwakheka olinganiselayo izakhamzimba. I share imikhiqizo yobisi akhawunti ingxenye enkulu ekudleni kwesintu. Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa yabo yonyaka imayelana 16% azo zonke izinhlobo zokudla.

ukukhiqizwa Ukusenga sici esisodwa esibalulekile: kuba umphumela imikhiqizo okonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babhekisela imikhiqizo libhekene yamazinga aphezulu okungabi ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umkhiqizo wabo kufanele kube emikhulu futhi ububanzi - liye landa kancane kancane uyanda.

Umlando omncane

Ubisi ukucutshungulwa eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso okwenzeka ikakhulukazi wezandla. Ngesikhathi kubusa amaSoviet, imboni yobisi uye waba ibhizinisi ezinkulu. Kakade ngo-1930 wathola ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu. Yingaleso sikhathi ngenxa le collectivization wezolimo kanye namabubulo yezwe zadalwa izimo sokukhula esebenzayo zokukhiqiza. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikakhulukazi ayenziwa yobisi umkhakha e Moscow, eLeningrad, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk. dairies elikhulu Kwamiswa kula madolobha. Ngo-1970, ngokuya ukukhiqizwa ibhotela nobisi USSR matasa kwasekuqaleni emhlabeni. Namuhla, izimboni kanye Izigayo esikhiqiza uhla enkulu yemikhiqizo. Bakuhlonyiselwe ngemigqa ngokuzenzakalela futhi ngomshini i bottling emasakeni, amabhodlela kanye nezinye izitsha, Coolers futhi pasteurizers, evaporators, separators, nomkhiqizi ushizi nabanye.

Izinto obeka umkhakha yobisi

Lezi amabhizinisi ezibekwe kuncike ukutholakala izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye umthengi. Basuke bagxila ikakhulukazi ezindaweni abahlala emadolobheni kakhulu.

Ingabe okulandelayo izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho ngokufakwa kwale mboni yobisi:

  • indawo emapulazini maqondana izimakethe ezifanele, kanye nokuba khona kule ndawo lokucubungula labasemkhatsini nalabakhulu; imizila isimo kanye indlela yokuthutha; ukutholakala iziqukathi isitoreji imikhiqizo yokugcina futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa;
  • umthamo ikhiqize, obonakaliswe i imfuyo ekhona, izakhiwo zezimboni kanye izakhiwo ngezinhloso zezolimo;
  • kahle okukhiphayo kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa emnothweni;
  • ukuzinza netimphawu nobudlelwano phakathi kwesifunda emkhakheni avalele ukulima;
  • ukuhlinzekwa izindlela zokukhiqiza, eletha embonini.

Ukuthambekela emakethe yesimanje

Inombolo amabhizinisi shizi ukukhiqizwa yobisi kuyinto okuzinzile. Noma kunjalo, emakethe manje enokuthambekela ukudala amafomu emikhulu. izinkampani ezinkulu ngokuvamile ukuthenga izitshalo ezincane, ngaleyo ndlela ekwandiseni endaweni yokuthengisa umthamo production. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yokufuna imishini yesimanje, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokunakekela idumela umkhiqizi, uxhaso amabhizinisi ngokuyinhloko ezinkulu. Umkhakha inzuzo ngonyaka owodwa vó, kusukela 2009 kuya ku-2010, kukhuphuke ngo 36,8%. Lokhu kungenxa ukusebenza ngempumelelo abaholi emakethe ezifundazweni.

Ukushoda ubisi eluhlaza

Enterprises ukwenziwa imikhiqizo yobisi babhekene nezinselele eziningana. Omunye main - ekukhiqizeni ubisi eluhlaza. Ukukhiqizwa yokuthi ubisi njalo zincipha eminyakeni yamuva. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi ukucutshungulwa amabhizinisi kunenkinga yokuntula izinto zokusetshenziswa, okuyinto ke kuholela ekwandeni amanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubisi eluhlaza, ezikhishwe abakhiqizi isiRashiya, ngokuvamile has eliphansi. Lokhu kudalela eyengeziwe emsebenzini wokukhiqiza nemikhiqizo high. Izinkampani bephoqeleka ukuba usebenzise izithasiselo ezomile futhi yokufakelwa, okuholela ekwandeni izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi ukunciphisa ukubaluleka izimpahla.

izinkinga zenhlangano

Okwamanje, emakethe yobisi wezwe lakithi ahlangabezana nobunzima sina. Kungenzeka wazi ukungabi nayo isu esihlanganisiwe sokuthuthuka, disorder yangaphakathi. Akukho uhlelo ecacile usekelo lwe umkhakha nguhulumende.

Russian yobisi umkhakha okwamanje ihlukaniswe. Ngamunye processor umenzi bazama ukubhekana isinqumo zezinkinga inkampani yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ukuthuthukiswa imboni yobisi ezweni lakithi, kakhulu kubambezela. Umkhakha izinhlangano ukuthi alethe ndawonye abakhiqizi futhi zonke izilimi ubisi, ngeshwa, asikwazi ukuba kuvelwe nesu ukuze kuvikeleke embonini.

kumkhiqizo yokukhiqiza nezimfuneko ezisuka kusukela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, izinkomba ezahlukene kanye politicized. Inyunyana ngasinye, ilungu ngalinye siphumelelisa loku umkhakha ngeziphakamiso yabo nezimfuneko, ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo. Isimo wavele wanikeza umbono wabo siqu yokuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene umkhakha yobisi - nguye elula izikhulu. Nokho, emakethe ngokuvamile abavumelani naye. UMbuso manje kudingekile ukwenza ibhizinisi plan esicacile iminyaka 30-50 phambili.

Imboni yobisi eRussia isihlakazeka kakhulu. Uhlelo nabakhiqizi ubisi ngokuvamile ophikisana nomunye. Uma ucabanga ngengqondo ehluzekile futhi nakho emhlabeni zisikisela ukuthi izimboni ezimbili - ukukhiqizwa ubisi ukucutshungulwa - ziyingxenye ohlelweni olufanayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba baphakamise umkhakha, uma kuphela ukuze ukukhiqizwa ubisi, ngoba ukwanda ngevolumu ikhishwe kuzodinga ukucubungula. Ngokufanayo, ukuthuthukiswa processing umkhakha kuzoholela ukushoda izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokushesha nazo can kuphela abangenisa.

nezinye izinkinga

Ngu izinkinga eziyisisekelo ngenhla okwathiya nasekutfutfukisweni kwelive lakitsi izimboni ezifana umkhakha yobisi, kubalulekile ukuze ungeze lokhu okulandelayo:

  • seasonality zokukhiqiza ubisi wezwe lethu;
  • molokosborochnyh amaphuzu kusilela, ukungabi ifriji amayunithi emapulazini;
  • ukwehla zokuziphatha nezingokwenyama fixed assets isitshalo, ukwakhiwa eziningi zazo kuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni 70-80 kwekhulu elidlule.

Tinkinga kumelwe zixazululwe ezingeni wombuso ngenhla. Zidinga imizamo ngokuhlanganyela kwamabhizinisi. Okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi umkhakha yobisi.

Russia emakethe ezweni imikhiqizo yobisi

Izwe lethu kuyinto ongenisa ezinkulu, kodwa azikwazi kubhekwe umdlali enkulu ezimakethe zomhlaba. Eqinisweni, i-Russia singamelwe izinhlangano ezinkulu zomhlaba. On the ukuthuthukiswa imboni is kungawona kakhulu. Imakethe wezwe lakithi akusho iqhaza engxoxweni nezindaba global. Akazi ngalokho izitayela global kule mboni njengoba umkhakha yobisi. Imiyalelo, imibono emisha kanye nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa ezisebenzisa inhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, wabuye asisebenzi. Kuthinta kokubili izilimi ubisi abakhiqizi yayo kanye nabasebenzisi ekupheleni.

Abakhiqizi main

Namuhla, baningana abakhiqizi ezimbalwa lokhu umkhakha ezweni lethu. Nokho, ezinye amabhizinisi embonini yobisi kuphela ethengisa imikhiqizo yayo ezindaweni iningi yeRussia. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izinkampani ezilandelayo (idatha 2012) abaholi wezwe emakethe yethu:

  • "Unimilk."
  • "Wimm-Bill-Dann".
  • Ochakovo Dairy Plant.
  • Voronezh yobisi sihlanganise.
  • Piskarevskiy Dairy Plant.
  • Permmoloko.
  • "Danone".
  • "Rosagroeksport".
  • "Hermann".
  • Campina.

Umncintiswano emakethe

I share inkampani "Wimm-Bill-Dann", umholi emakethe yasekhaya imikhiqizo yobisi, kwakulinganiselwa ku 10.8% ngo 2012. Qaphela ukuthi inani esincintisana yayo eliseduze esihamba ngawo ngokuphindwe izikhathi 4 aphansi. Umuntu wayengabona ukuthi ukudla imboni yobisi ezweni lethu libhekene ezingeni kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu mncintiswano. Kodwa kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi eziningi imikhiqizo babe nokuphila encane eshalofini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka izimo isitoreji ekhethekile. Kule ndaba, degree of iphaliswano izimakethe zendawo nezesifunda kakhulu ephansi. Umphumela uba ukuthi kwezinye izindawo, izimboni wendawo abaholi noma abaholi umkhakha bavela 30 kuya 70% wemakethe yobisi. Zonke ezinye share share nezinye amafemu endawo noma amafemu izifunda angomakhelwane.

ukungena kwezimpahla

izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe ancintisane imikhiqizo Russian. Ngokuvamile, inani yokungenisa encane, kulinganiselwa ukuthi isukela 15 kuya 19%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi emakethe yobisi has a ukuvikelwa yemvelo ngokumelene izimbangi bakwamanye amazwe, njengoba imikhiqizo iyashabalala futhi zidinga izimo ezikhethekile yezokuthutha USB.

Nokho, kwezinye izigaba, kufanele eside eshalofini yokuphila, ukuthi imikhiqizo engenisiwe isahola emakethe Russian. Ikakhulukazi, izimpawu angaphandle baye baqaphela 30% ibhotela 60% ushizi. ezikhulayo Ngezenzo futhi ukungeniswa imikhiqizo yobisi ubisi. Umthamo ukungenisa ubisi olujiyile ne ukhilimu for ngonyaka 2012 kukhuphuke ngo-124,6%, ushizi - by 34%, i-bhotela - ngo-21%.

Ukukhiqizwa imiqulu imikhiqizo yobisi eRussia akwanele, ngakho izwe lethu ophoqelelwe ukungenisa olujiyile ubisi, ushizi nebhotela e omningi. Njengoba for emakethe imikhiqizo lonke-ubisi, it is ngokuphelele olunikezwa production ezifuywayo. Phakathi kuka-2009 kuya 2012, ukungenisa ingqikithi ushizi kwaba US $ 7.5 billion, ibhotela - 2.15 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Izinsiza yaminyaka yonke ushizi nebhotela Ingxenye imikhiqizo amazwe bayohlala emaphandleni abaningi bevela kwamanye amazwe imayelana 40%.

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