Izinhlobo imikhumbi: amagama nezithombe

Okwamanje umkhumbi libizwa esibuthakathaka lempi. Emathangini avuzayo, abathwali ngobuningi, abathwali ngobuningi, imikhumbi umgibeli, isitsha imikhumbi, ice amadlambi kanye nabanye abameleli kwepaki lobuchwepheshe mabutho civil noma ukuthengisa kulesi sigaba akufakiwe. Kodwa uma, ezinsukwini zakuqala navigation lapho isintu kufanele ugcwalise isikhala elimhlophe lokuhamba izinkomba zezinkulumo ezingacacile iziqhingi entsha ngisho amazwekazi, nganoma yimuphi umkhumbi, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kwakufana kubhekwe. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu ngamunye wabo waba isibhamu, nethimba lalinabashumayeli abafo yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba uzimisele ukwenza lutho ngoba inzuzo futhi romance yohambo ezikude. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kulezi ekhulwini zeziyaluyalu, Kwaba khona ukwahlukana phakathi izinhlobo imikhumbi. Uhlu ngokuhambisana anezele yesimanje ngabe wenza eside kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele bagxile ngomkhumbi. Awu, mhlawumbe ungakwazi ukwengeza ezinye izikebhe ukugwedla.

abagwedli

Ukuze uthole kubo - ukuhlanganyela unenviable. isijeziso ezinjalo ezikhathini zasendulo elinde izigebengu inveterate. Futhi kanjani eGibhithe lasendulo, futhi Fink, kanye naseGrisi ayenjalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakukhona imikhumbi, kodwa emikhunjini wasebenzisa kuze Ephakathi. The main yisandla babeyithanda kakhulu yiziboshwa, kodwa owasizayo ngezinye izikhathi oseyili, iqonde noma esingunxantathu efakwe insika ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, lezi mikhumbi yayingamamitha ingenkulu, ukufuduka yabo kwaba amathani 30-70 kuphela kanye nobude akuvamile kudlulwe 30 metres, kodwa ngalezo zinsuku usayizi imikhumbi e jikelele kwakungafanele omkhulu. Lwabagwedli wahlala imigqa, ngokusho kongoti kanye nezazi-mlando, ngeke eziyizitezi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ovundlile. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali igalari izici ballistae kanye nezinqama umnsalo, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, lezi zimpahla ezempi kanye eyayihambisana wezikhali. Stroke, okungukuthi, ijubane lokuya, kulawulwa abaqondisi, sicela isigqi amathamborini ekhethekile, futhi, uma kunesidingo, futhi ephethe isiswebhu.

Barki

Zezinhlobo zemikhumbi kaseyili, abantu besikhathi zethu zaziwe ezimbalwa, kodwa ezinye zazo zisekhona ujwayelene yamathanga njalo eyayidlula regattas ngamazwe. isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla "Sedov" futhi "Kruzenshtern" egcinwe eRussia. Le mikhumbi musa kuphela emhlabeni ubuhle bayo, kodwa futhi ibe nomthelela ekubeni imfundo amatilosi abasha, sadlula umkhuba wabo isiko Navy Russian.

Ngakho, amagxolo (zinhlobo gama livela izwi lase «amagxolo») kuyinto umkhumbi ngenombolo zemibhoshongo kusuka ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Zonke oseyili zakhe ziqonde, ngaphandle i etshekile snap mizzen (insika aft). Izikebhe - imikhumbi kukhona mikhulu, njengokuthi "Kruzenshtern" has a ubude mayelana 115 amamitha, ububanzi amamitha-14, iqembu labantu abangu-70. Njengoba lakhiwa ngo-1926, lapho umusi izinjini kwakuthé chithi saka kakade isakhiwo zako zamanje nezesikhathi asizayo amandla iyunithi nomthamo cishe nanhlanu namashumi kilowatts, zithwesiwe ezimbili ophephela iphimbo isilungisiwe. ijubane emkhunjini, futhi manje akubonakali encane, ngomkhumbi phakathi isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla ifinyelela 17 ifindo. Ukuqokwa uhlobo, ngokuvamile, kuyisiko ukuba izilwane zasolwandle yomthengisi XIX leminyaka - Delivery wezimpahla okuxubile, mail futhi abagibeli ngemikhumbi imigqa.

Brigantine kuphakamisa oseyili

Eqinisweni, i-isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla efanayo, ne insika ezimbili, ngokuthi Brigantine. Zonke izinhlobo imikhumbi kuhluke injongo yabo futhi navigability. Brigantines labelwe isivinini ethile futhi kalula. Sailing zokuboshelwa elixutshwe ku useyili (foremast) Sail iqonde futhi etshekile ukuba sivale indlela engena emgedeni. Izintandokazi umkhumbi pirates zezilwandle. zomlando ingasaphathwa brigantine okuthiwa "Bermuda sivale indlela engena emgedeni", ie useyili elingunxantathu, welulela phakathi liktrosom kanye luff, kodwa akekho amalungu asele zilwane kungenzeka isifuba kubo. Nokho, lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama Sinesithakazelo kuphela ochwepheshe.

frigates

Njengoba ngoxhaxha ezinye izinhlobo yempi uvele, abanye wanyamalala, kanti enye ithatha isikhathi libe nencazelo ehluke. Isibonelo salokhu frigate. Lo mqondo liye lasinda izinhlobo kamuva ezifana yempi, dreadnoughts , ngisho yempi. Iqiniso-frigate yesimanje cishe kulingana inkolelo yokungafi Soviet mkhumbi omkhulu antisubmarine, kodwa kuzwakala emifushane futhi ngandlela-thile enhle. Ngomqondo yokuqala, ke uyisitsha enezinsika ezintathu nge emphemeni wezikhali izibhamu 20-30. By endleleni, "frigate" kusukela ekhulwini XVII isikhathi eside, kwanezelwa Isiphawulo esithi "Dunkirk" kusho ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile endaweni ehlukile yamabhayisikobho lezindiza zempi, okuyinto eseduze Pas-de-Calais. Lesi sitayela izici speed ethize. Khona-ke, njengoba ukuzimela engaba ukwanda, babizwa ngokuthi umane frigate. Lokufuduka - isilinganiso ngaleso sikhathi, cishe . 800-1000 m Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke frigate Russian ngokuthi "uPallas", kuso ngo-1855, kwenziwa uhambo elikhazimulayo ogwini East Asia iphansi kwesandla sika-Admiral E. V. Putyatina.

caravel

"Wayehamba njengomuntu caravel ..." - nalapho abadumile pop ingoma. Ziyingozi ukuhlola izinhlobo imikhumbi, ngaphambi ubhala ematheksthi hits esikhathini esizayo. A ukuncoma kuyinto kancane edidayo. Akuwona wonke intombazane efuna kuqhathaniswa nomthamo esithwele, umkhumbi omkhulu futhi angabacwasi esindayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ekhaleni caravel okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuxhashazwa, lokho kungaba futhi engathandeki uglyadet ukusikisela.

Nokho, ikakhulukazi lolu hlobo Yiqiniso, izakhiwo ezinhle lokufundela ukushayela imikhumbi. Ubizwa kunazo zonke yokuthi Columbus ngohambo lwakhe kuya ogwini ye-Nguqulo Yezwe ubekade caravels ezintathu ( "Santa Maria,", "Pinta" futhi "Nina") eyaziwa. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga ungabahlukanisa at wathi emathangini asendaweni ephakeme (acinene add-ins), kanye ngomkhumbi snap. Insika jib ezintathu ngqo, kanti bonke abanye - kusukela Latin (etshekile) oseyili.

Injongo - ulwandle eside futhi uhambo transoceanic.

Kusukela igama elithi "caravel" morphologically kwenzeka izwi Russian "umkhumbi". Wabanikeza igama umgibeli izindiza abadumile isiFulentshi, kuyinto enhle kakhulu.

izinzipho

Ukuze ukubhukuda okusheshayo kukhona zonke izinhlobo imikhumbi. Amagama izinkantolo akuyona njalo wakhumbula, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile. Tshela othile igama elithi "impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu", bese konke bazothini okuthile - abanye "Aurora", omunye "Varyag". Mayelana izinzipho kuyinto impendulo eyodwa vo - "Cutty Sark". Lokhu umkhumbi umzimba eside kaJesu wehlela emlandweni ngenxa yezizathu eziningana, kodwa esiyinhloko kanye ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo izinga ijubane lakhe. Ukukhulula itiye kusuka China, ngokushesha ukuletha mail ukuze amakoloni ezikude futhi enze oda ibuthaka of the Queen linikwe womshini wokugunda namathimba abo. Futhi umsebenzi wabo lezizitsha kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela wemikhumbi, futhi kwezinye izimo kamuva.

galleons

Uma uhamba kulo izinhlobo ubudala yempi, umuntu akakwazi bayakhohlwa Armada Omkhulu, imbangi yemikhumbi British ekhulwini XVI. Iyunithi esemqoka yalolu amandla esesabekayo kwaba galleon Spanish. Qondanisa ukuphelela ayikwazanga abanaye, akukho mkhumbi ngomkhumbi ngesikhathi. Enkabeni yalo i caravel eziphambili, nge superstructure encishisiwe ethangini (okufanayo "isikulufa up impumulo yakho" licishe wanyamalala), kanye umzimba side. Ngenxa yalokho, bemikhumbi ubudala Spanish iye yathuthuka ukumelana, kuchaye ukuze amagagasi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukukhuphula isivinini. Maneuverability kuyathuthuka futhi. Ezinye izinhlobo yempi XVI galleon ekhulwini wabheka eduze emfushane futhi iphakeme kakhulu (kwaba kusimo ukuthi umgomo lula hit). Ucacisa Utah (superstructure aft) wathenga ukuma elingunxande, laselikhala baba izimo ngokunethezeka. Kuyinto galleons uqala ukuvela zangasese (zangasese), kungakho Umsuka wegama elithi.

Displacement of "yempi kwekhulu XVI" zazisuka 500 kuya kwezingu-2. Tonnes. Bagcina abangu limnandi, base ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nekhala lakhe egcotshwa nge ebaziwe omangalisayo.

schooners

Kunezinhlobo imikhumbi emikhulu, okuyinto eyaba "workhorses" yakhelwe ukuba baphathe ezihlukahlukene impahla emikhunjini. Phakathi kwabo endaweni ekhethekile lalibuswa kaseyili. It mnogomachtovye enkantolo, ungachazwa ukuthi okungenani ezimbili yokumba yabo etshekile. Ziyakwazi marselnymi, stakselnymi, Bermuda noma gaff, kuye ngokuthi siyini ngempela aqinise ensikeni yaso ifakwe oseyili lefanele, ungalibalekeli. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ulayini phakathi ezimbili masted kaseyili marselnoy bramselnoy noma brigantine futhi okunemibandela kakhulu. Lolu hlobo is kusukela ekhulwini XVII ezaziwayo. ukusabalala Iningi wasifinyelela e ngidayisa US Navy, ngokukhethekile, Wolf Larsen, ubunjalo Jack London, nethimba lakhe kwabathakathi ngoba sea izingonyama ivuliwe ebhodini. Uma kuqhathaniswa, nezinye izinhlobo izimoto kunzima ukuphatha (UGeorge. London le nqubo ngisho itilosi engenabantu etholakalayo). Ngokuvamile, kaseyili babe ezimbili futhi enezinsika ezintathu, kodwa kukhona izimo lapho snap laba likhulu kakhulu. irekhodi Original eyayibekwe ngo-1902, lapho umkhumbi yehliselwa emanzini nge insika eziyisikhombisa ( "kabili Thomas Lawson," Quincy Shipyard).

Okunye izinhlobo imikhumbi

Izithombe sailboats, wafika ngo-Regatta ngamazwe emhlabeni wonke, eyanyatheliswa ngo-amaphephandaba, omagazini futhi emakhasini wewebhu. Okunjalo hits - njalo umcimbi, ubuhle lezizitsha asifani yini enye. Barki, brigantine, corvettes, frigates, izinzipho, kechi, yezikebhe kukhona zonke izinhlobo imikhumbi, ngasinda, ngenhlanhla, kuze kube namuhla. Lokhu umbukwane ekuphazamisayo esenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuthatha umbukeli phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, egcwele adventure kanye romance yohambo ezikude. Lokhu itilosi kumelwe sifunde ikhono lokuhamba Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, ngakho-ke cabanga emazweni amaningi futhi sinalo njengehange kahle. Siyeza, + siqombola zokuboshelwa up, zokuphaka oseyili waphefumulela umoya khulula kolwandle, kungenzeka ukuthi athathe indawo yakhe ekuphathweni yesimanje akude wezimpahla owomile, emathangini avuzayo kanye cruise liner balkerovozov. itilosi okunjalo ungalethemba isiphetho wezimpahla izimpilo abagibeli ngokuphepha, ngeke ahluleke.