Iminyaka yokuphila Hristofora Kolumba: Biography, yohambo, okutholakele

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wamazwe odumile wakwazi ukuthola Melika ngosizo iNkosi of Spain, wayengumuntu ongowokuzalwa e-Italy. kweminyaka engu zokuphila Hristofora Kolumba ezenzeka esikhathini ukuchayeka Apennine nhlonhlo. Wazalwa ngo Genoa e 1451, futhi wafundiswa e-University of Pavia. Kusukela lapho sizalwa wayephila eduze kolwandle futhi ukuzinikela ukuhamba. Libuye yokuthi le yiminyaka yempilo Hristofora Kolumba iphutha ngenkathi okutholakele womhlaba, lapho abantu baseYurophu kwesokunxele amanzi oLwandle iMedithera futhi baqala ukufuna indlela India.

Ekuqaleni navigation

uhulumeni Christian uxhaso ezinqala ukuze ukufinyelela kuzinto ezibizayo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Columbus wabahloli-Portuguese misa empumalanga nasogwini Afrika. In the 70s, Christopher wanquma ukuthola indlela ezweni elikude umzila entshonalanga. Ngokusho izibalo zakhe, kufanele kuziphi izindawo endaweni ekuyi-latitude seziqhingi zaseCanary Islands, ngemva kwalokho-ke sizokwazi ukufinyelela ogwini Japan.

Ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala Portugal, elaliyisikhungo kuzo zonke navigation European. Waba khona uhambo ukuze Guinea, lapho Elmina inqaba lakhiwa 1481. Ngesikhathi esifanayo i umcwaningi wokuvelela wavakashela England, Iceland ne-Ireland, lapho ezwa lezi zindaba zendawo ngeVinland. Ngakho ezinsukwini ubudala, amaViking ngokuthi izwe labo evulekile. Kwakuwusuku ugu lweNyakatho Melika. Ngenxa yokuthi Ephakathi kwakungekho ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi lobuqaba futhi Christian Europe, eScandinavia, ukutholakala waya engabonwa.

inhlangano okuhambela emazweni entshonalanga

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, impilo Hristofora Kolumba ziye esichithwa ezama ukwenza uhulumeni noma abathengisi ahlukahlukene ukuze athole imali uhambo lwakhe oluya entshonalanga. Ekuqaleni, wazama ukuthola lulwimi ezivamile NEGOTIANT kusukela Genoa lwakubo, kodwa benqaba ukuzifaka engozini imali yabo. Ngo-1483, lapho umsebenzi abeke etafuleni we-Portuguese King uJoão II. Walahla kokungenela okuyingozi.

Ngemva nalesi sithiyo, Christopher waya eSpain. Kukhona wakwazi ukuba acele ukusekela ezo zendawo, amlethe inkosi nendlovukazi. Spain ngokusemthethweni wayengekho. Kunalokho, kwakukhona amabili uthi - Castile ne-Aragon. Umshado ababusi babo (uFerdinand neNdlovukazi u-Isabella) ihlanganisa imiqhele ezimbili okufanayo. Lo mbhangqwana wanikeza izilaleli ukuba itilosi. Wamiswa nomlayo, owawungumnyaka ukuhlola izindleko nokuthi lokhu ulungisiswa isiKhwama. Imiphumela yokuqala ledvumatako ngoba Columbus. Wenqaba futhi ahlinzekwa wokubukeza okusalungiswa. Wabe esezama ukuxoxisana enkosini yaseNgilandi nasePortugal (futhi).

Isivumelwano Spain

Ngo-1492, Spain ashaqe Granada futhi ngathola iziqu Reconquista - uxoshwe Muslim kusuka yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Inkosi nendlovukazi futhi ebugqilini ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe nezobuzwe bekwi-uhambo Columbus. wathi Igama lokugcina ngo-Isabella, owavuma ukuba abeke ngisho yonke imicebo yabo siqu kanye jewelry ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhumbi nomphako. Mariner wathenjiswa ukuthi wayeyoba viceroy wonke amazwe lapho esevula. Libuye isihloko yizicukuthwane yakhe futhi Admiral yoLwandle Ocean, ngokushesha inikezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho emagunyeni Colombian wasiza umnikazi Martin Alonso Pinzón, zanikela omunye emikhunjini yabo ( "Pinta"). Lolu hambo lokuqala ukuthi uyathinteka Karakka "Santa Maria," futhi umkhumbi "Nina". Zonke ithimba abantu abayikhulu babe nesifiso sokuthandana.

Lolu hambo lokuqala

Iminyaka Hristofora Kolumba ukuphila wayichitha. Wakwazi ukuze uqaphele iphupho lakhe. Abaningi imininingwane nohambo lwakhe lokuqala kuya entshonalanga sekusaziwa yithi sibonga lwamakholi omkhumbi, okuyinto wagcina nsuku zonke. Lamarekhodi esingenantengo kuyagcinwa ngenxa yokuthi umpristi Bartolome de las Casas eminyakeni embalwa wenze ikhophi yephepha.

Agasti 3, 1492 imikhumbi-Spanish kwesokunxele ethekwini. Septhemba 16 kwavulwa Sargasso Sea. Okthoba 13 endleleni imikhumbi kwaba ezweni ababengalazi. Columbus wafika esiqhingini wamisa phezu kwalo banner Castile. Wayelethwa okuthiwa San Salvador. Lapha abaseSpain kuqala wabona ugwayi, ukotini, ummbila kanye amazambane.

Nge Aboriginal uColumbus ethola ukuba khona esiqhingini esikhulu, okuyinto kwaba kancane ngaseningizimu. Kwaba Cuba. Khona-ke lo mkhankaso basakholelwa ukuthi endaweni ethile eMpumalanga Asia. Ezinye izingcezu Aboriginal zegolide atholakele ukuthi waphefumulela ithimba ukuqhubeka kanjani ukufuna amagugu.

okutholakele okwengeziwe

Disemba 6 kwatholakala esiqhingini saseHispaniola, okuyinto yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi saseHispaniola. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba enze lokho, omunye imikhumbi "Pinta" kwaba aphume ukulawula Columbus, nenduna wahamba eyofuna kwesinye isiqhingi, okuyinto kusolakala babe nengcebo.

Disemba 25 "Santa Maria," uzithela ematsheni, ngemva kwalokho iqembu lakhe lahlala Haiti izimpahla unyaka isikhali ngenhloso yokuzivikela. Columbus olokugcina umkhumbi "Nina" baya eYurophu. Endleleni wahlangana "Pinto", okuyinto baqhubeka ekhaya nohambo lwasolwandle.

Buyela Europe

Ngo-March, bomkhankaso eSpain lapho ekugcineni baba okutholakele eyaziwa Hristofora Kolumba. Kwakuyisimangaliso ngempela baseYurophu, owaqala wabona amaNdiya, othathwe iziqhingi Egibela "Nini". Lolu hambo Hristofora Kolumba ezazifika nayo iziphiwo namakhono akhe amaningi akude imvelo ezingabonwayo - .. izitshalo okusha, izithelo, njll Izindaba yokuphumelela abaseSpain kwaholela ilandelana zamanxusa. Ngisho phakathi nekhulu xv, lasePortugal lathola upapa ilungelo lokuhlala kwakuwukuthi wavula ngaphandle Afrika Cape Bohador. Njengoba kukholakala ukuthi kokutholakala iziqhingi ayingxenye India, ukhuluma phakathi kwemibuso ezimbili isimo labo elisemthethweni.

Ngo 1494, ngaphansi kwaloba uPapa waseRoma sasayinwa iSivumelwano Tordesillas, ngawo ubunikazi kula mazwe delimited ngu-latitude of Cape Verde.

Eyesibili uhambo

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba enze lokho ekuqaleni kohambo lwesibili Hristofora Kolumba. Ngalesi sikhathi, asesandleni sakhe, kwaba kakade imikhumbi 17. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba undunankulu manje bajabulela umusa omkhulu yenkosi, indlovukazi eziningi yamakhosi iSpanishi, ngubani ngokuzithandela baqala ukumnika imali yokuhamba.

I lwesibili oluyingqopha Hristofora Kolumba yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni namanje lokuqala kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo iqembu. Lesi sikhathi on shumbi kwakungafanele amatilosi kuphela. Kwanezelwa izindela nezithunywa zevangeli ukuba ngibhapathize abantu bomdabu. Futhi, endaweni yalo sathathwa izikhulu nabakhulu ababe ukuhlela ukuphila ikoloni unomphela entshonalanga.

Zingakapheli izinsuku ikhambo 20 kwavulwa Dominica kanye Guadeloupe, lapho bebephila Caribs, zihlukaniswa i ahluthuke ekufezeni omakhelwane abanokuthula. Lesi senzakalo lokuqala nabo kwaba ogwini esiqhingini laseSanta Cruz. Ngesikhathi leli qoqo leziqhingi efanayo Virginia futhi Puerto Rico kwatholakala.

Kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni iziqhingi

Ithimba efuna ukungazi amatilosi uyasala eHaiti ngesikhathi uhambo lokuqala. kuphela izidumbu futhi la mathambo ngesikhathi indawo waleyo nqaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe zazisekelwe izinqaba La Isabella Santo Domingo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uhulumeni Spanish isinqumo ukuze uthumele amalungelo akhethekile kwenye Columbus Itilosi - Amérigo Vespucci. Christopher sezwa ngalokho, waya eYurophu ukufakazela ukuthi akanacala. Esigodlweni, wathi okwavunyelwana Eshiya (eqinisweni kwaba Cuba). Hristofor Kolumb futhi echazwe ukuthi kukhona nje igolide manje ngaphansi mikhankaso entsha angasebenzisa kwezisebenzi zasejele ngenxa izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezomnotho.

Lolu hambo wesithathu

Waqala kanjalo-ke lo mkhankaso lwesithathu Hristofora Kolumba. Ngo 1498 imikhumbi yakhe zagudla Haiti waya eningizimu, lapho, setfulo yenduna, okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye kwezimayini zegolide. Ngakho-ke kwatholakala esiqhingini Trinidad, nomlomo eMfuleni Orinoco eVenezuela namuhla. Njengoba sebezinikele kule lolu hambo, bomkhankaso wabuyela Haiti (saseHispaniola), lapho bamakoloni yendawo esivele bophezela isiphithiphithi. Abayithandi lokho zinikelwe umhlaba omncane. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke wanquma ukuthatha ukuxazulula amaNdiya endawo njengezigqila futhi ukwandisa Holdings siqu.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuxazulula inkinga eyinhloko, okuyinto sazibekela Okutholakele Hristofora Kolumba. ESpain usengakathelwa bamukela igolide. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, itilosi isiPutukezi UVasco da Gama wakwazi ukufinyelela India yangempela. Ngokuhambisana isivumelwano Castile yena imikiswe Afrika kanti uvele lizwe okubhekiwe kakhulu. Ukusuka lapho wahamba alethwe Portugal izinongo ezibizayo ayengenawo eYurophu. Bakhandwa zenani singekho.

Iziphathimandla Spanish, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi udlala ocean uhlanga umakhelwane wakho, zinquma ukuhoxisa esinakho ucwaningo Columbus. wayesemsebenzini wesifunda wabuyela Europe.

Lolu hambo wesine

Umlando Hristofora Kolumba kungenzeka iphele kabi kakhulu uma ayenakho ngesikhathi uhambo wakhe ngempumelelo ayizange ithole eziningi abangane abanethonya - izikhulu kanye gentry. Bagqugquzela iNkosi uFerdinand kuya mariner elinye ithuba ungene uhambo lesine.

Ngalesi sikhathi, Columbus wanquma ukuya entshonalanga, wedlula iziqhingi eziningi. Ngakho walivula ogwini zanamuhla eMelika Ephakathi - Honduras futhi Panama. Kwacaca ukuthi Atlantic Ocean ivaliwe ezinye izindawo elikhulu. Septhemba 12, 1503 Columbus wake wabashiya ukuvula isiqhingi futhi eSpain. Elapho wagula wabangwa nezibi.

Ukufa ukubaluleka okutholakele

Kusukela leli phuzu okwatholwa ukwenza ezinye amatilosi, hhayi Hristofor Kolumb. Melika isibe ukhange eziningi entsha uzimisele ukuzicebisa bona. Life Hristofora Kolumba, Okwamanje, nzima isifo. Washona Meyi 20, 1506 eneminyaka engu-54 eminyakeni. Lokhu ukulahlekelwa uye wahlala cishe waphawuleka eSpain. Inani nalokho okutholwe Columbus zacaca kuphela ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, lapho conquistadors wathola igolide e Melika. Lokhu kwavumela Spain ukuzicebisa futhi emakhulwini eminyaka ukuba babe monarchies ezinethonya kunazo European.