KumiswaIndaba

Indaba amahora. Umlando okusungulile amahora

Isayensi lokuqala isikhathi - astronomy. Okutholakele kule zokubuka lasendulo ayesetshenziselwa ukulima yokukhulekela. Nokho, lo msebenzi kwakudingekile ekulinganiseni isikhathi esifushane. Ngakho abantu kufikile amahora icebo. Inqubo lwalungolukhulu ezinde, ezigcwele izinsiba Umsebenzi onzima izingqondo engcono.

Indaba amahora uya emuva emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, kuba kokusungulwa endala lesintu. Kusukela izinti washaya phansi kuya ultra-eqondile iwashi - indlela obuphelele ngamakhulu izizukulwane. Uma lilinganise ipumelelo impucuko womuntu, in the "kwinto yami enhle kakhulu" amahora kuyoba yesibili kuphela amasondo.

Kwake kwaba nesikhathi lapho abantu kwadingeka ikhalenda ngokwanele. Kodwa kwakukhona izikebhe, kwaze kwadingeka ukuba silungise ubude izinqubo zobuchwepheshe. Kwathatha amahora amaningi, injongo okuyinto - izinsuku sesikhathi ngezikhawu emifushane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abantu kuwo wonke umlando baye basebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ngokomzimba. Kwakukhona design, eyisebenzisa.

Indaba amahora sehlukaniswe nezikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko. Umsuka - ubude ezinkulungwane eziningana iminyaka, kwesibili - engaphansi.

1. Umlando amahora, ngokuthi lenyama. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amadivayisi solar, amanzi, umlilo futhi isihlabathi. isikhathi Isifundo uphela domayatnikovogo mechanical isikhathi iwashi. Kwakumelwe Chime ephakathi.

2. Indaba entsha amahora, eziqala kokusungulwa pendulum nokulinganisela, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa classical oscillatory kubalwe. Nkathi eside hhayi isiqedile.

alelo washi lika

Esekhona eminingi yasendulo. Ngakho-ke, indaba alelo washi lika kuvula umbukiso we ezisunguliwe enkulu emkhakheni kubalwe. Naphezu lula ngoba kubonakala sengathi kunokuthula ezihlukahlukene imiklamo.

Isisekelo alelo washi lika ukubeka ukunyakaza belanga usuku lonke. , Ukubala kusuka emthunzini inkatho nge eksisi. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kungenzeka kuphela uma libalele. Ancient Egypt yayinesimo sezulu esihle sakho. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi on the nomlambo iNayili got alelo washi lika owawunesihloko uhlobo namatshe amade abaziwe. isethi wabo emnyango amathempeli. Gnomon ngesimo i Obelisk nesikali mpo phansi - ngakho bheka alelo washi lika lasendulo. Photo elingezansi libonisa omunye wabo. Kuze kube manje izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali omunye namatshe amade abaziwe waseGibhithe, uyiswa Europe. ukuphakama Gnomon 34 amamitha okwamanje imele omunye izikwele eRoma.

alelo washi lika Ezivamile possessed kusimo abalulekile. Sasazi ngakho, kodwa eside ibekezelelwe. Ngo zonyaka ezahlukene, isb ihlobo nobusika, isikhathi ihora wayehlukile. Kodwa ngesikhathi lapho wabusa uhlelo kanye nezokulima kanye nokutholakala ubuhlobo ingcweti ku nesilinganiso olunembile isikhathi sasingekho isidingo. Ngakho-ke alelo washi lika eyathatha ngempumelelo kuze kube ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Esikhundleni gnomon weza design okuthuthukile. alelo washi lika ezithuthukisiwe, lapho le ethile sekuqediwe kwadingeka esikalini lwalugobile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa ngcono ziye zasetshenziswa izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho, udonga futhi iwindi sundials kwakuthé chithi saka e-Europe.

ukwenzangcono kwenzeka ngo 1431. Siqukethe e ua emthunzini parallel umcibisholo-eksisi eMhlabeni. Lokhu isandla wabizwa ngokuthi axis. Manje shadow semiaxis azungeza nombala ezihambayo, ukuvula ihora elilodwa-15 °. Lo mklamo kusivumela ukukhiqiza ngokwanele olunembile ngesikhathi sawo lo alelo washi lika. Photo kubonisa omunye zomculo ezifana ezigcinwe China.

Ukuze efanele ukufakwa Uhlaka lwensimbi ukunikezela ikhampasi. Manje ungasebenzisa iwashi yonke indawo. It ephethwe ukukhiqiza onobuhle ngisho ephathekayo. Kusukela 1445 waqala ukwakha alelo washi lika ngesimo a Nenkabazwe eziyize, ifakwe umcibisholo, emthunzini olungena phezu kwangaphakathi.

Kuyaqhubeka ukuthungathwa izindlela

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi alelo washi lika zazikhululeka futhi kunembile, babenesifiso zinokukhubazeka okungathi sína umgomo uhlamvu. Ziyakwazi bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni sezulu, futhi ukusebenza kwawo kukhawulwe ingxenye yosuku ebiyelwe igebe phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga. Befuna izindlela, ososayensi wazama ukuthola ezinye izindlela ukukala zinkathi. Kuyadingeka ukuthi babengeke ezihlobene kokuqondisa ukunyakaza izinkanyezi namaplanethi.

Usesho kwaholela ekusungulweni kwamazinga yokufakelwa isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, lesi sikhathi eyayidingeka ukuze ukuchichima noma ethile omlilo izinto.

Wadala ngesisekelo lesi iwashi elula lidlule ibanga elide of ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono izakhiwo, kanjalo kuvuleke indlela yokuba ukudalwa amawashi awayindwayo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ezishintshayo amadivaysi.

leli washi lamanzi

Ukuze amanzi amawashi wanamathela igama "leli washi lamanzi", ngakho kukhona ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi kuqala yasungulwa kubo eGreece. Eqinisweni-ke kwakungenjalo. I zasendulo impela, incwadi i-hourglass bakudala kakhulu watholakala ethempelini Amun at Febah futhi agcinwe Cairo Museum.

Lapho edala ukuncipha iwashi lamanzi kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa iyunifomu ezingeni amanzi e umkhumbi efflux yayo phansi ngokusebenzisa orifice. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokunikeza isitsha ezimise Isigaxa-a, tapered eduze phansi. Thola iphethini echaza izinga ukuvuza uketshezi, kuye ngokuthi injalo ezingeni futhi umkhumbi, kwakunokwenzeka kuphela eNkathini Ephakathi. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ukuma isitsha iwashi lamanzi lilungisiwe empirically. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hourglass waseGibhithe, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, wanika ukwehla iyunifomu. Siqala nge ngezinga elithile nephutha.

Kusukela hourglass akuxhomekile isikhathi sosuku kanye sezulu, it elufanela nokudingekayo nesilinganiso okuqhubekayo isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo ukwenzangcono zedivayisi, unezela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene enikeziwe isikhala abaklami umcabango. Ngakho, leli washi lamanzi Arab emelelwa imisebenzi yobuciko ihambisana nokusebenza okusezingeni eliphezulu. Bakhandwa ifakwe ezengeziwe izindlela wokubacindezela futhi womoya: isikhathi sounder ebusuku ukukhanyisa uhlelo.

Angazi ukugcina indaba eningi amanzi amawashi Abadali amagama. Bona Ukukhiqiza wahlanganyela hhayi kuphela e-Europe kodwa futhi eChina, eNdiya. Sine ulwazi mayelana Mechanics ngesiGreki okuthiwa Ktesiby wase-Alexandria, owaphila eminyakeni 150 ngaphambi kokuba uKristu afike. I leli washi lamanzi Ktesiby esetshenziswa amagiya, ngentuthuko theory okuye kwenziwa ngu-Aristotle.

umlilo lokubuka

Leli qembu kwavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13. Umlilo lokuqala amawashi babe tapers engafinyelela kwengu-1 imitha ukuphakama ukubeka phezu kwabo amalebula. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlukana ethile kwaba ifakwe metal izikhonkwane elehla othini metal ngezithuba nokutubeka wax, ukushicilela umsindo ahlukile. Amadivayisi anjalo ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli sibonelo alamu.

Njengoba sekunama-ecacile ingilazi umlilo iwashi siguqulelwa lampadnye. Phezu kodonga esikalini imali, lapho okungenani ukushiswa uwoyela, nesikhathi uzimisele.

Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi abanjalo baye e China. Kanye nolunye uhlobo isibani yasakazwa ezweni kokudubula amahora - ntambo. Singasho ukuthi kwaba sekupheleni efile.

hourglass

Lapho abazalwanga akwaziwa. Singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi abakwazanga avele ngaphambi kokusungulwa ingilazi.

Hourglass ezimbili esobala ingilazi ama. Ngokusebenzisa entanyeni yokuxhuma okuqukethwe uthele kusukela phezulu kuya phansi umfuma. Futhi esikhathini sethu Kusengenzeka ukuhlangabezana hourglass. Photo kubonisa enye yala maphethini, Antique eliqoshiwe.

chwepheshe benkathi ephakathi enkulu ekwakhekeni amadivayisi gqizisa hourglass elicwengisiswe lokubhalela. Zazisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukulinganisa ubude besikhathi, kodwa futhi njengoba i umhlobiso ingaphakathi. Ngo yezindlu zezikhulu eziningi nezicukuthwane wayebona okunethezeka hourglass. Photography ingenye yalezi onobuhle.

EYurophu, hourglass weza kunalokho sekwephuzile - ekupheleni Ephakathi, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa yabo yashesha. Ngenxa alula, basebenzisa kungenzeka nganoma isiphi isikhathi, laba yintandokazi ngokushesha kwabaningi kakhulu.

Omunye nemiphumela ethile engathandeki i-hourglass - inkathi kwetfulwe esifushane, kulinganiswa ngaphandle kokuvala. Hhayi ejwayele ikhasethi sakhiwa kubo. Sebehlushwa ukusatshalaliswa onobuhle ezinjalo zinembile ongaphakeme, kanye ukuwohloka izinyembezi emva ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Kwenzeka kanje. Orifice e diaphragm phakathi flasks akhuhlwa, okwandisa ububanzi, futhi zesihlabathi - kunalokho, iziqeshana, nokuncipha ngosayizi. anda isivinini ejection, isikhathi - kwehle.

amawashi awayindwayo: izimfanelo okwesikhathi

Isidingo a silinganiso esinembile kwesikhathi ngezikhawu nge ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana belilokhu landa kancane kancane. I izingqondo engcono basebenza ikhambi lale nkinga.

Ukusungulwa kwe-amawashi awayindwayo - mlando ezenzeka Ephakathi, ngoba - insimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wadala kuleyo minyaka. Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu kuzoholela ukuqhubeka isayensi nobuchwepheshe.

Ukusungulwa kanye nentuthuko yayo amahora edinga ethuthukisiwe, kulungile, futhi ephezulu ubuchwepheshe imishini, izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku ukuhlaziywa kanye nomklamo. Lokhu kwaba ukuqala kwenkathi entsha.

Ukudalwa a iwashi eliwayindwayo yenziwe yaba khona nge kokusungulwa, uthi lokuphotha ikhishwe. Le yunithi inguqulele ezinyakazayo Translational ka elenga izinsimbi intambo oscillate emuva naphambili ngesikhathi namasondo. Lapha embili kuyabonakala - I-eyinkimbinkimbi leli washi lamanzi imodeli wayevele kanye Ukudayela futhi isitimela gear kanye ukulwa. Kwakudingekile kuphela ukushintsha yisandla: esikhundleni amanzi jet izinsimbi ezisindayo, ngawo kwaba lula ukubhekana, bese wengeza idivaysi asibambe escapement.

Kulesi sisekelo, indlela umbhoshongo amawashi zadalwa. Chime nge control lokuphotha eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni kusukela 1340 futhi waba ukuziqhenya emadolobheni amaningi kanye amasonto ababhishobhi.

Ukwakheka the classic kubalwe vibrational

Umlando ukuvela amahora ukunilondoloza yesizukulwane amagama ososayensi kanye abaqambi abenze kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa kubo. Ngesisekelo theory kwaba ukutholakala ukuthi wenza uGalileo Galilei, nokuveza imithetho echaza oscillations of a pendulum. Yena - nombhali umqondo mechanical pendulum amawashi.

UGalileo yena wayenesibindi futhi bakwazi ukusebenzisa umqondo ngo 1658, lo abanamakhono umDashi Christiaan Huygens. Yena - nombhali okusunguliwe, ukulawula ibhalansi, kanjalo imbe umgodi, bese ubuka. Ngo 1674, Huygens bezazisa ukuthuthukiswa ngokwengeza isondo ngaleso Springs ligcina uthi lokuphotha luzungeza Kuvunguza ngesimo a izinwele.

Okunye eyingqopha okusungulile fanele kumklami kusukela eNuremberg ngokuthi uPetru Henlein. Nguye owasungula izinto entwasahlobo clockwork, futhi ngo-1500 kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo wadala iwashi.

Ngo okufanayo kwakukhona izinguquko ukubukeka. Ekuqaleni kwaba ngempela isandla. Kodwa njengoba amahora babé olunembile kakhulu, zidinga inkomba ezifanele. Ngo 1680, lolu thi ingezwe, kanye Ukudayela imzuzele kithi uhlobo evamile. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalombili, waqala ukufaka isandla yesibili. Eceleni lokuqala, futhi kamuva kwaba maphakathi.

Ekhulwini lesikhombisa, ukudalwa amahora wayiswa esigabeni yobuciko. umzimba exquisitely ehlotshisiwe, ehlotshiswe koqweqwe lwawo okokudayila, okuyinto ngaleso sikhathi laligcwele ingilazi - konke lokhu kwenza ilungiselelo lokuba kube into kanokusho.

Umsebenzi ngcono nokuba yinkimbinkimbi amadivayisi uyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Kwandisa Ukunemba. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso izisekelo ngokuba rocker futhi igiya amatshe - irubi futhi isafire. Kungenzeka ukunciphisa friction, uthuthukise ukunemba, futhi sandise esiqiwini amandla. Kwakukhona inkinga ezithakazelisayo - ikhalenda esiphakade, othomathikhi emazombezombe, amandla reserve Inkomba.

Umfutho ukuthuthukiswa kwaba kokusungulwa iwashi okuthiwa i-pendulum IsiZulu kumklami Klement. Around 1676 yaba ihange ihange escapement. Le divayisi awunankinga iwashi okuthiwa i-pendulum, ezithinta amplitude oscillation encane.

iwashi elisebenza ngebhethri

ukwenzangcono kwezinsimbi zomculo sokulinganisa isikhathi like ngendathane iphutha. Ukuthuthukiswa electronics kanye umsakazo ubuchwepheshe buye kwavula indlela ukuvela asebenza ngebhethri. Umsebenzi wabo kusekelwe umphumela piezoelectric. Kwatholakala ngo-1880, kodwa asebenza ngebhethri amawashi bakwazi kuphela ukukhiqiza ngo-1937. Kusukela classical asebenza ngebhethri mechanical onobuhle okudalwe kukhona elinembe ngendlela emangalisayo. Inkathi amawashi electronic. Kuyini sici zabo?

amawashi Quartz abe indlela ehlanganisa i iyunithi ngogesi kanye okuthiwa stepper motor. Isebenza kanjani? Engine, ethola isiginali kusuka iyunithi electronic, ihamba umcibisholo. Esikhundleni evamile Ukudayela asebenza ngebhethri ukubukela isibonisi digital ingasetshenziswa. Sibabiza electronic. E-West - asebenza ngebhethri nge veza wedijithali. It ngokuyisisekelo akashintshi.

Eqinisweni, asebenza ngebhethri iwashi - kuyinto mini-computer. Kulula kakhulu ukungeza izici ezengeziwe: isitophuwashi, inyanga izigaba, ikhalenda, alarm clock. Inani lokubuka ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokungafani kuya Mechanics, ayikhuphuki kangaka. Lokhu kwenza kwabo kutholakale kalula.

amawashi Quartz kuqondile kakhulu. ukunemba wabo ± 15 imizuzwana / ngenyanga. olwanele ukufundwa kabili ngonyaka.

Wall-agibele amahhashi iwashi digital

isibonisi Digital futhi icwecwe - lawa lolwehlukanisa lolu hlobo imishini. amawashi Electronic ezisetshenziswa njengoba ehlangene. Bona kungabonwa kuyi-dashboard emotweni, e umakhalekhukhwini microwave oven naku-TV.

Njengoba i-elementi Ingaphakathi ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuhlangabezana ethandwa kakhudlwana Isakhiwo sakudala, okungukuthi, kanye inkomba umcibisholo.

Amahora odongeni electronic ukulingana kahle ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe ku isitayela hi-tech, yesimanje, techno. Bona ukuheha ngokuyinhloko ukuze isebenze yayo.

Ngokwe Uhlobo lokuboniswa amawashi yama-LCD futhi LED. Lesi sakamuva ziyasebenziseka ngaphezulu, njengoba zikhanyiswa.

Ngokusho amandla supply uhlobo amawashi electronic (udonga futhi etafuleni) zihlukaniswe inethiwekhi, nokuqhuba 220V futhi batareechnye. amadivaysi More elula yohlobo wesibili, ngoba ayidingi khona esidayisa eseduze.

Cuckoo Clocks

izingcweti German eseqala ukuveza kubo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ngokwesiko Wall cuckoo iwashi ezenziwe ngokhuni. ngentambo ngokucebile ukuhlotshiswa wenza njengoba indlu izinyoni babe umhlobiso mansions ocebile.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ashibhe amamodeli yayithandwa eSoviet Union futhi izwe elaliyiSoviet Union ngaphambili. iminyaka eminingi Wall cuckoo iwashi brand "Mayak" ezivezwa isitshalo emzini Russian Serdobsk. Izisindo ngesimo Izigaxa fir, ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe endlini ayinzima, iphepha noboya indlela umsindo - ngakho khumbula lesizukulwane esidala.

Manje zakudala odongeni iwashi nge cuckoo - a rarity. Lokhu kungenxa amanani aphezulu eliphezulu model. Uma ungenalo acabangele asebenza ngebhethri zenza izingcweti Asian, eyenziwe ngepulasitiki, cuckoo fabulous kukuyut kuphela indawo yokulala emizini Ongoti ihora Exotics. Eqondile, indlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, lesikhumba noboya, intambo enhle nezindlu - konke lokhu kudinga eningi inhlukano abasebenzi abanamakhono. Abenzi elihle kakhulu kuphela angakhiqiza onobuhle enjalo.

iwashi le-alamu

Lona "amawashi" ezivamile namaphakathi nezwe.

Service - isici olwengeziwe lokuqala ukuthi waqalwa ngo amahora. Lobunikazi ngo-1847 yi-engumFulentshi Antoine Rede.

Ngo zakudala mechanical ideskithophu alamu umsindo kuveza ukushayisana we isando phezu plate metal. onobuhle Electronic kukhona omnandi ngaphezulu.

On ukukhishwa alamu zihlukaniswe encane esikhulu usayizi, ideskithophu komgwaqo.

Ubuso bekhompyutha Iwashi le-alamu yenziwe motors ehlukile clockwork kanye isignali. Luhlala ngazinye.

With ukuthandwa asebenza ngebhethri amawashi awayindwayo alamu amawashi wawa. Kunezizathu eziningana. Ubuso bekhompyutha zewashi le-alamu nge asebenza ngebhethri ukunyakaza amadivayisi classical mechanical kuya eziningi eziwusizo: zingabantu esinembile, akudingi isitshalo nsuku zonke, kulula ukukhetha ikamelo design. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya, asesabi uhlevane nokuwa.

Mechanical isihlakala alamu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi ukushaywa "isibonakaliso". onobuhle okunjalo ukukhiqiza amafemu ambalwa. Ngakho, abaqoqi imodeli eyaziwa ngokuthi "ikhilikithi kamongameli"

"Cricket" (I-ikhilikithi ngesiNgisi.) - ngaphansi kwaleli gama inkampani Swiss ekhiqizwa Vulcain amawashi nge function alamu. Baziwa iqiniso lokuthi zabanikazi babe omongameli American: Duayt Eyzenhauer, Garri Trumen, Richard Nixon futhi ULindon Dzhonson.

Indaba amahora izingane

Isikhathi - isigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zefilosofi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokomzimba ubuningi nesilinganiso liyadingeka. Man uhlala isikhathi. Kakade uhlelo enkulisa ukuqeqeshwa emfundweni enikezwa sokuthuthukisa izingane orientation zabo ngesikhathi.

Fundisa ingane ukusebenzisa iwashi, unga, njengoba nje wafunda i-akhawunti. Usizo lesi sakhiwo. Ungakwazi sihlanganise silindile ebhodini nge ukuphila kwansuku zonke, uyibeka zonke ukuzwakala ephepheni ishadi. Hlela amakilasi kungaba oluxube umdlalo, usebenzisa emaphazili lanetincetu izithombe.

Indaba amahora eyenzelwe izingane ezineminyaka engu iminyaka 6-7 yokutadisha on sessions thematic. Material kufanele ahanjiswe ukuze babangele isithakazelo sihloko. Izingane ngendlela kufinyeleleke tshela nge umlando amahora imibono yabo esikhathini esidlule nesamanje. Khona-ke, lolu lwazi iqinile. Ukuze abonise lesi simiso amahora elula - ilanga, amanzi kanye umlilo. Lezi zikhathi yokuvusa isithakazelo zezingane ocwaningweni, nokuthuthukisa umcabango yokudala futhi ilukuluku. Ziyakwazi kwenhlonipho isikhathi.

Esikoleni, emabangeni 5-7, ukufunda umlando kokusungulwa amahora. Kusekelwe lwati lolutfolakele ekilasini ingane ukufunda izinkanyezi, umlando, amazwe, i-physics. Kanjalo impahla sesiwati iqinile. Amawashi, icebo yabo kanye ngcono ezibhekwa njengengxenye yezindaba zemihla Material Culture, ukuzuzwa okuyinto sihlose ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi. Sihloko amaseshini kukwazi ukwakhiwa kanje: ". Inventions eyashintsha umlando wesintu"

Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, kuhle ukuqhubeka ukufunda amahora njengenhlangano isesekeli fashion sobuhle bayo ingaphakathi ngokombono. Kubalulekile ukwethula izingane kuya nenhlonipho ihora ukukhuluma mayelana izimiso eziyisisekelo ukukhethwa amawashi ingaphakathi. Esinye sezifundo kungenziwa enikelwe ukuphathwa isikhathi.

Umlando kokusungulwa amahora libonisa ngokucacile ngokuqhubeka izizukulwane, cwaningo yayo - izindlela eziphumelelayo kumiswa emhlabeni osemusha.

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