Ukubulawa Charles 1 (30 Januwari 1649) e-London. The Second Civil War eNgilandi

Ngomhla ka-January obandayo ka-1649, esitokisini se-scaffold enkabeni yeLondon, akusikho isenzo sobugebengu esivamile, kodwa inkosi eyayilaye abantu bayo iminyaka engamashumi amabili nane. Kulolu suku, leli zwe laliqedela elinye isigaba somlando walo, futhi ekugcineni kwakubulawa uCharles 1. ENgilandi, usuku lo mcimbi alukakwanga ekhalendeni, kodwa luye lwafika emlandweni walo kuze kube phakade.

Scion of Stewart uhlobo oluhle

Izigqoko - inzalo, etholakala endlini yaseScottish endala. Abameleli bakhe, abangaphezu kwesisodwa abahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNgisi nesiScotland, njengokuba kungekho muntu oshiya umlando embusweni wombuso. Ukuphakama kwabo kudala ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14, lapho u-Count Walter Steward etshata indodakazi kaKosi uRobert I Bruce. Ngaphandle kwalokhu umshado wandulelwa indaba yothando, cishe, inkosi yaseBrithani ibheka kuhle ukuqinisa lobu buhlobo nobuhlobo bakhe ne-Scottish aristocracy.

UCharles the First, ozobhekana nalesi sigameko esikulesi sihloko, wayengomunye wenzalo kaHloniphekile u-Count Walter, futhi, njengaye, wayengowesizinda sobukhosi saseStuarts. Ukuzalwa kwakhe, "wajabula" ngezihloko zesikhathi esizayo ngoNovemba 19, 1600, evele endaweni yokuhlala yakudala yamakhosi aseScotland - iDenfermlinsky Palace.

Ngenxa yokufika esihlalweni sobukhosi, uKarl omncane wayengaveli kahle - ubaba wakhe wayeyinkosi yaseScotland uJacob VI, ne-Queen of England, u-Anna Danish. Kodwa-ke, leli cala lalinqotshwa ngumfowabo omdala kaHenry, iNkosi yaseWales, owazalwa eminyakeni eyisithupha ngaphambili, ngakho-ke waba necala elihle emkhathini.

Ngokuvamile, isiphetho sasingeke sinikeze uKarl ngokukhethekile, uma kungathiwa ngomfana ovela emndenini wasebukhosini. Njengengane, wayeyindodana ebuhlungu, mhlawumbe ilindile ekuthuthukiseni, ngakho-ke kamuva kunontanga yakhe eyaqala ukuhamba nokukhuluma. Ngisho nalapho uyise ezuza ifa lesihlalo sobukhosi saseNgilandi ngo-1603, futhi wathuthela eLondon, uCharles wayengeke amlandele, njengoba odokotela benkantolo besaba ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukubekezelela lo mgwaqo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubuthakathaka emzimbeni kanye nokuzonda ukuhamba nayo yonke impilo yakhe. Ngisho nasemifanekisweni yomkhosi, abaculi abakwazanga ukunikeza le nkosi noma yikuphi ukubonakala okukhulu. Futhi ukukhula kukaCharles 1 Stuart kwaba ngu-162 cm kuphela.

Indlela eya esihlalweni sobukhosi sobukhosi

Ngomnyaka we- 1612, kwenzeka umcimbi owaqeda yonke isiphetho sikaCharles. Ngalolo nyaka eLondon kwaqhamuka isifo esibi se-typhus, lapho kwakungenakwenzeka ukufihla ngisho nasezindongeni zenqaba yasebukhosini. Ngenhlanhla, yena akazange akalimele, njengoba ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi eScotland, kodwa isisulu lesi sifo kwakungumfowabo omdala uHenry, owazalelwa ukuphatha leli zwe kusukela ekuzalweni, futhi wonke umphakathi ophakeme ube nethemba eliphezulu.

Ukufa kwavula indlela kaKarl yokubusa, futhi ngokushesha nje lapho iWestminster Abbey, lapho ukuphumula komlotha kaHenry, iphelile ngemikhosi yokulila, waphakanyiswa esikhundleni se Prince of Wales, indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela impilo yakhe yayigcwele zonke izinhlobo zokulungiselela umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka.

Lapho uCarl eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, ubaba wakhe wakhathazeka ngenhlangano yokuphila komndeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, ngoba umshado wendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi wawuyizepolitiki, kanti uHymeny akavunyelwe ukudubula. Ukuzikhethela kwakhe uJacob VI kwayeka iSpanth Infanta Anna. Lesi sinqumo sathukuthelisa phakathi kwamalungu ephalamende ayengafuni ukuxhunyaniswa kwamanye amazwe nombuso wamaKatolika. Ukubheka phambili, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesikhathi esizayo kukaCharles 1 kuzoba nesizinda esikhulu senkolo, futhi ukukhetha okunjalo okungenangqondo komlobokazi kwaba yisinyathelo sokuqala kuso.

Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, akukho lutho olufanekisela inkathazo, futhi uCharles waya eMadrid ngesifiso sokungenelela ngokwayo emibiswaneni yomshado, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi abheke umakoti. Ohambweni, umkhwenyana wayehamba neyintandokazi, noma kunalokho, ubaba wakhe omthandayo - uGeorge Villiers. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, iNkosi uJames VI yayinenhliziyo enkulu futhi enothando lapho kwakungekho khona abesifazane abangenkantolo kuphela , kodwa nabayeni babo abahlonishwayo.

Ukudumala kwenkantolo yaseNgilandi, izingxoxo eMadrid zazingekho, ngoba uhlangothi lwaseSpain ludinga ukuthi isikhulu samukele ubuKatolika, futhi lokhu kwakungamukeleki neze. UCarl nomngane wakhe omusha uGeorge bahlukunyezwa kakhulu ngabaseSpain ukuthi lapho bebuyela ekhaya bafuna ukuba iphalamende liqede ubudlelwano nenkantolo yabo yasebukhosini, futhi libale ngisho nezinhlangano zokuhambela ukulwa. Ayaziwa ukuthi bekuyophela yini, kodwa ngenhlanhla, ngaleso sikhathi umlobokazi onamahloni - indodakazi kaHenry IV waseFrance uHenryetta IV, owaba ngumkakhe, waphakamisa, futhi umkhwenyana olahlekile waphazamisa.

Esiqongweni samandla

UCharles 1 Stewart wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemuva kokufa kukayise, owalandela ngo-1625, futhi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kwaqala ukuphikisana nephalamende, efuna kuye izibonelelo zohlobo lwezempi. Njengoba engakamukeli okwakuthandayo (umnotho wawuqhekeka emasontweni), wawuxosha kabili, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye waphoqeleka ukuba abize futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi yathola izimali ezidingekile, yenza abantu bezwe bekhokhiswe intela engekho emthethweni futhi enzima kakhulu. Umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi ezinjalo, lapho amakhosi amancane abukwa axhunyiwe izimbobo zebhajethi, aqinisa izintela.

Iminyaka elandelayo futhi ayizange ihambise ngcono. Umngani wakhe kanye noGeorge Villiers abathandayo, ngemuva kokufa kukaJacob VI, ekugcineni bathuthela emakamelweni kaCharles, babulawa maduzane. Lesi siphepho sabonakala singcolile ngesandla, esasikhokha, ukuqoqa intela. Ukungabi nomqondo omncane emnothweni, indlela yodwa yokugcwalisa imali yengcebo yenkosi, ihlale ibhekwa izimali ezintsha nezisha, izinkokhelo, ukwethulwa kwezingqimba ezihlukahlukene kanye nokunye okunjalo. Ukubulawa kukaCharles 1, okwalandela iminyaka engamashumi amabili nesine yokubusa kwakhe, kwakufanelekile ukufeza inqubomgomo enjalo.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokubulawa kukaVillarsom, uTomas Wentworth othile wayehlukanise nombuthano wabasebenzi, owakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCharles the First. Unomqondo wokusungula esimweni sobukhosi obukhulu, ngokuthembela embusweni ovamile. Kamuva waba umbusi wenkosi yase-Ireland, wasebenzisa lolu hlelo ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuphikiswa komlilo nenkemba.

Izinguquko ezibangele ukungezwani kwezenhlalo eScotland

UCharles the First akazange abonise ukubonakala kwangaphambili empini ezingokwenkolo ezahlukanisa izwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi abantu baseScotland eningi babenabalandeli bamasonto asePresbyterian namaPuritan, ayenamakhombandlela amabili amaningi amaProthestani.

Lokhu kwakuvame ukuba yisisulu sokuphikisana nabameleli beSonto Lase-Anglican, elibaluleke kakhulu eNgilandi futhi lisekelwa uhulumeni. Engathandi ukufuna ukuzithengisa, inkosi yazama ngamanyathelo aqinile ukuze imise ukubusa kwayo yonke indawo, okwakubangela ukucasuka okukhulu kwamaScots, futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekuchitheni igazi.

Kodwa-ke, iphutha elikhulu, elibangela impi yombango eNgilandi, ukubulawa kukaCharles 1 kanye nenkinga yezombusazwe esilandelayo, kufanele kuthathwe njengenqubomgomo yakhe engathí sina kakhulu, kanye nenqubomgomo engakafiki eScotland. Kulokhu kuvunyelwene ngokuvumelana iningi labacwaningi balolu hulumeni oludabukisayo.

Isiqondiso esiyinhloko somsebenzi wakhe kwakungukuqiniswa kwamandla angenamkhawulo negunya lobukhosi. Inqubomgomo enjalo yayigcwele imiphumela emibi kakhulu. EScotland, amasiko asungula amalungelo eziqhingi futhi wakha ukungahambi kahle kwempahla yangasese yenziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi inkosi yazihlanganisa nabo kuqala.

Ukubhekwa okuncane komgomo wenkosi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-biography kaCharles 1 iye yahlakulela kabi ngenxa yemigomo eyayilandelwa yona, kodwa ngenxa yezindlela zokusebenzisa kwazo. Izenzo zakhe, njengombuso, ziqonde ngokucacile futhi zingacatshangwa kahle, zihlale zicasula abantu abaningi futhi zenze isandla ekuqiniseni abaphikisayo.

Ngomnyaka ka-1625, inkosi yazinqabela iningi labantu baseScotland, lanikeza umyalo, owawela emlandweni njengoMthetho we-Revolt. Ngokwale dokhumenti, zonke izigwebo zamakhosi aseNgilandi, kusukela ngo-1540, zachithwa lapho kudluliselwa umhlaba kubahlonishwa. Ukuze zigcinwe, abanikazi bebophezelekile ukuba banikeze imali emalini imali elingana nenani lezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyalo ofanayo wawuyala ukubuyela kweSonto Lase-Anglican emazweni alo aseScotland, futhi lithathwe kuwo ngesikhathi seNguquko, eyasungula amaProthestani ezweni, okwakuthinta kakhulu inkolo yabantu. Akumangalisi ukuthi emva kokushicilelwa kwedokhumenti elinjalo elivusa amadlingozi, inkosi yanikezwa izikhalazo eziningi zokubhikisha kubammeli bomphakathi ohlukene kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akazange nje wenqabe ukuwacabangela, kodwa futhi wandisa isimo ngokuletha intela entsha.

Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-episcopate nokuqedwa kwePhalamende laseScotland

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokubusa kwakhe, uCharles I waqala ukukhetha ababhishobhi base-Anglican ukuba babe nezikhundla eziphezulu zikahulumeni. Banikezwa izihlalo eziningi emkhandlwini wasebukhosini, okwenyusa kakhulu ukumelelwa kweScotland, futhi wanika izizathu ezintsha zokunganeliseki. Ngenxa yalokho, umbuso waseScotland wasuswa emandleni futhi wawungenakufinyelela enkosini.

Eyesaba ukuqiniswa kwabaphikisayo, iNkosi kusukela ngo-1626 cishe yayeka imisebenzi yePhalamende laseScotland, futhi ngezinye izindlela yayivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-General Assembly yeSonto laseScottish, ogunyazwe nguNkulunkulu, elinikezwa lona, elalisa amathoni amaningi angama-Anglican angaphandle. Kwakuyiphutha elibulalayo, futhi ukukhishwa kukaCharles 1, okwaphela ukuphela kokudabukisayo kokubusa kwakhe, kwakuwumphumela ongenakugwenywa wezinsolo ezinjalo.

Ukuqala kwempi yokuqala yombango

Lapho ekhuluma ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo ezombangazwe abahlonishwayo, izenzo ezinjalo zavusa umbhikisho kuphela kumbuthano wabo wesigaba esincane, kodwa uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa kwezinkambiso zenkolo, inkosi yavuselela abantu bonke ngokumelene naye. Lokhu kuphinde kubangele ukuthukuthela nokuphikisana nezikhalazo. Njengesikhathi sokugcina, inkosi yenqaba ukuwacabangela, futhi yanezela uphethiloli emlilweni, ngemuva kokubulala omunye wabafakizicelo abasebenza ngokugcwele, eveza kuye icala lokuhlukumezeka okujwayelekile ezimweni ezinjalo.

I-spark eyabhubhisa isibhamu saseScotland kwaba umzamo wokuqhuba inkonzo ka-July 23, 1637, e-Edinburgh, ngokusekelwe encwadini yama-Anglican. Lokhu kwakungabangeli nje ukuthukuthela kwezakhamizi, kodwa futhi ukuqhuma okuvulekile okwasusa ingxenye enkulu yezwe, futhi wehla emlandweni njengeMpi Yombango Wokuqala. Isimo sasiqhubeka sibi kakhulu nsuku zonke. Abaholi bokuphikisana okuhlonishwayo babhala futhi bathumela inkulumo enkosini ngokumelene nokuguqulwa kwesonto, okungafani nabantu, nokuphakama kwendawo yonke yama-episcopate ase-Anglican.

Umzamo weKosi wokuqeda lesi simo ngokususa ngokuqinile ukuphikisa abaphikisi base-Edinburgh, wanciphisa ukungajabuli okujwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabaphikisi bakhe, uCharles I waphoqeleka ukuba enze ukuvuma, ukususa ababhishobhi bezondwa ngabantu abavela emkhandlwini wasebukhosini.

Umphumela wezikhalazo ezijwayelekile kwakuwukuhlanganiswa kweNational Convention yaseScotland, ehlanganisa izithunywa ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi, futhi ziholwa yizithunywa ze-aristocracy ephakeme. Abahlanganyeli balo babhala futhi basayina i-manifesto ezenzweni ezihlangene zesizwe sonke saseScotland ngokuzama ukuletha noma yiziphi izinguquko ezinkolelweni zabo zenkolo. Ikhophi lencwadi yanikezwa inkosi, futhi yaphoqeleka ukuziyeka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakuyisikhathi esincane nje, futhi isifundo esifundiswa inkosi yizikhonzi zakhe azihambanga phambili. Ngakho-ke, ukubulawa kukaCharles 1 uStewart kwaba yisiphetho esinengqondo kulolu chungechunge lweziphambeko zakhe.

Impi Yomphakathi Omusha

Lo mbusi ozikhukhumezayo, kodwa ongenangqondo kakhulu wahlaselwa engxenyeni ethile yombuso wakhe ongaphansi komhlaba - i-Ireland. Lapho, ngenxa yesifumbathiso esithile esinamandla kakhulu, wathembisa ukuthi amaKatolika angamhlonipha, kodwa-ke, lapho ethola imali kubo, ngokushesha wakhohlwa ngakho konke. Ethukwa ngale ndlela, ama-Irish athatha izingalo ukuze avuselele inkumbulo yenkosi. Naphezu kwalokho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi uCharles I ekugcineni walahlekelwa yiphalamende lakhe, futhi naye unabantu abaningi, wayezamile ngenani elincane lemibuso ethembekile kuye, ukushintsha isimo ngesibindi. Ngakho, ngo-Agasti 23, 1642, iMpi Yesibili Yomphakathi yaqala eNgilandi.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umlawuli uCharles I wayengenamandla njengombusi. Uma ekuqaleni kwempi wakwazi ukuwina ukunqoba okulula, ngakho ngoJulayi 14, 1645 ibutho lakhe lahlulwa ngokuphelele empini yeNesby. Akukhona nje ukuthi inkosi ithathwe yizikhonzi zakhe, ngakho ekamu lakhe kukhona inqolobane equkethe izinto eziningi ezithintekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqhinga akhe amaningi ezombusazwe nezomnotho abe esesidlangalaleni, kanye nezikhalazo zokusiza ezempi emazweni angaphandle.

Isiboshwa seNdunankulu

Kuze kube ngu-1647, uCharles I wabanjwa eScotland njengesiboshwa. Kodwa-ke, kule ndima engenakuphika, waqhubeka enza imizamo yokuvumelana nabameleli bamaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukahlukene kanye nokunyakaza kwezenkolo, ngokunikela ngokukhululekile ezithembisweni ezilungile nezesobunxele okwakungabikho muntu owake wakholwa. Ekugcineni, ababoshwa base bekhipha kuye kuphela okuzuzisayo, ngokudluliselwa (bathengiswe) ngamapounds ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amane ephalamende laseBrithani. I-Stuarts yimizi ebone okuningi ngesikhathi sayo, kodwa kwakungekho isidingo sokuhlola ihlazo elinjalo.

Ngesinye isikhathi eLondon, inkosi elalifakiwe yafakwa enqabeni yaseHolby, yabe isiswe esigodlweni seNkantolo yaseHitton, eboshelwe endlini. Lapho, uKarl wayenethuba langempela lokubuyela emandleni ngokuvuma isiphakamiso esasibhekiswe kuye ngombangazwe ovelele wenkathi u-Oliver Cromwell, okwathi ukubulawa kukaCharles 1, okwakungokoqobo ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungeyona inzuzo.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlongozwayo enkosini, kwakungekho nemingcele enzima emandleni omnumzane, kodwa ngisho nangaleso sikhathi wayengekho ithuba lakhe. Efuna ukuvunyelwa okungaphezu kwalokho, futhi eqale izingxoxo eziyimfihlo nezinhlangano ezahlukene zezombangazwe zezwe, uKarl wagwema impendulo eqondile eCromwell, ngenxa yalokho elahlekelwa ukubekezela futhi wenqaba ukukhulelwa. Ngakho, ukubulawa kukaCharles 1 Stewart kwakuyisikhathi nje kuphela.

Lesi sigameko esibuhlungu sagxila ekubalekeni kwakhe e-Isle of Wight, e-English Channel, eduze nogu lwaseBrithani. Kodwa-ke, le ntombazane nayo yaphela ekuhlulekeni, ngenxa yalokho indlu eboshiwe esigodlweni yafakwa esikhundleni sokuboshwa ejele. Ukusuka lapho, inkosi yakhe yangaphambili yazama ukukhulula uBaron Arthur Capel, uKarl wake wawenza oontanga futhi wakhuphukela phezulu kakhulu kwesikhulu sezinkantolo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokungenamandla okwanele, ngokushesha wathola ezitokisini.

Isahlulelo kanye nokukhishwa kwenkosi echithiwe

Akungabazeki ukuthi isici esivelele kunazo zonke zalesi sizukulwane somndeni wakwaStuart kwakuyi-penchant ye-intrigue, okwathi, ngenxa yalokho, yabhubhisa. Isibonelo, enikeza izithembiso ezingacacile kuCromwell, ngesikhathi esisodwa aqhuba izingxoxiswano ngemuva kwe-scenes nabaphikisi bakhe ePhalamende, futhi ethola imali kumaKatolika, nawo asekela ababhishobhi base-Anglican. Futhi kanye nokubulawa kweNkosi uCharles 1 kwavuswa kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi ngenxa yokuthi, ngisho nokuboshwa, akazange ayeke ukubiza izingcingo zonke izindawo, ukuthi esikhundleni sakhe kwakuwukuhlanya okuphelele.

Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lezinhlawulo zathumela isikhalazo ephalamende elifuna icala lekosi yangaphambili. Kwakuyi-1649, futhi ithemba lokuthi umphakathi waseBrithani uhlangane nayo ukuphakama kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi sekuphele isikhathi eside. Esikhundleni sezombusazwe ohlakaniphile nelokude, wathola isidingo sokuzikhukhumeza nokulinganiselwe.

Ukuze siqhube ecaleni uCharles I wePalamende ngamiswa nokhomishana ayikhulu namashumi amathathu nanhlanu, ababeholwa ummeli ovelele ngesikhathi Dzhon Bredshou. Ukubulawa iNkosi uCharles 1 kokuvalelwa kusengaphambili, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wonke inqubo Akuthathanga sikhathi. Umbusi wangaphambili, indoda izolo ngawo a onamandla, Enesikhathi hlonishwa njengomphakathi umashiqela, imbuka futhi isitha lawobaba. Kuyacaca ukuthi kuphela umusho kungenzeka wobulelesi kungaba ukufa.

Ukubulawa iNkosi uCharles 1 owawusedolobheni ekuseni-January 30, 1649, eLondon. Ukuze uyinike ngenxa yakhe - ngisho wakhuphukela lesikafula lokhu wayelokhu ezithanda kakhulu khona ingqondo, futhi waphendukela esixukwini ayeba inkulumo befa. It nalahla, wathi kwenkululeko civil kanye nenkululeko inikezwe nje ukuba khona uhulumeni kanye kwemithetho eqinisekisa impilo yezakhamuzi futhi ubuqotho impahla. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ke enganikezi abantu ilungelo ufanelekele ukugijima yezwe. Umbusi futhi isixuku, wathi: - kungcono umqondo ohluke ngokuphelele.

Ngakho, ngisho wekufa, uKarl bavikela izimiso ka absolutism, ogama labo abanamathela bonke babengaphansi Stewart. Ngilande namanje ibanga elide ukuya phambi seliqinile e amakhosi ohlanga sisekelo, abantu kuphambene umbono wakhe waba nethuba iqhaza kuhulumeni. Nokho, lesi siqalo sesibekiwe kakade.

Ngokwe-Umlando wabantu ababephila, ukukhishwa iNkosi uCharles 1 bakhangwa isixuku esikhulu sabantu abatholakala kuwo wonke lo mbukwane olunegazi esimweni eduze ukushaqeka. Umvuthwandaba waba lapho wesahlulelo waphakamisa ikhanda elinqunywe by izinwele eNgophezukonke zabo zangaphambili. Nokho, bendabuko ezimweni ezinjalo, amazwi abonisa ukuthi kungokwalabo esigebengwini isimo futhi imbuka, hhayi ezikhishwayo.

Ngakho, ngo-1649 ngafaka ekupheleni olunegazi wokubusa sale nkosi. Nokho, ukudlula ngaphezulu iminyaka eyishumi nanye, futhi emlandweni England kufika inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Stuarts yokuvuselela, lapho kabusha siyisa esihlalweni sobukhosi bale uhlanga lasendulo. Second Civil War kanye ukukhishwa Charles 1 kwadingeka okwandulela yayo.