Indlela futhi kuphi umchamo oyinhloko owakhelwe khona: izindlela ezijwayelekile kanye nezifo

Wake wake wazibuza ukuthi uhlobo luni lomsebenzi we-titanic imizimba yethu eyenza nsuku zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umzimba unamandla yini? Ngabe kuphi futhi kuphi umchamo oyisisekelo nesekondari, yiziphi izinqubo zokulawulwa kwalezi zinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwenzekani emzimbeni uma kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka kwazo? Ake sicabangele le mibuzo ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Isingeniso

I-metabolism yiyona kuphela imithombo yamandla ne-nutrient substrates kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. Futhi inkampani yabo enkulu yokuphatha iyigazi. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism, akudingeki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kwakhiwa ama-metabolite angadingekile noma ayadingekile adinga ukukhululwa emvelweni. Izindlela zalesi 4: ngomoya ekuphumuleni, ngezimfihlo zesikhumba, ngokusebenzisa amathumbu nezinso. Nasi indlela yokugcina esizoyicabangela ngokuningiliziwe, ngoba kuxhomeke ekutheni iningi le-metabolism elungile emzimbeni wethu, ngakho-ke ukuhlinzekwa kwazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo.

Kubaluleke ngani izinso emzimbeni?

Izinso, njengoba kwaziwa, zivamile - iyilungu elihlangene, elitholakala ngokukodwa endaweni yesigungu somuntu. Leli gciwane elibhekene nokuhlukanisa yonke into enobuthi ne-metabolites yomzimba esegazini futhi ungangeni ebhaleni, kanye nokulinganisela kwe-electrolyte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-hormone ahlanganiswa futhi enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokulawulwa kwengcindezi yomsindo uhlelo lwe-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, okuyinto ngenxa yamaseli akhethekile e-juxtaglomerular e-renal ehlanganisa ukuletha i-arterioles, ephendula kakhulu kule nkomba. I-parenchyma yalesi sitho iqukethe izigidi ze-nephron, ku-glomeruli yama-capillary lapho kuhlanganiswa khona umchamo oyinhloko, futhi kulawo ma-tubules igxile kwi-secondary.

Yini esekelwe kuyo?

Le nqubo isiteji esiningi futhi isekelwe kumqondo we-gradient, okungukuthi, umehluko phakathi kokulingana. Ngakho-ke, i-gradient yokucindezela phakathi kwezidingo kanye nama-arterioles aphumayo ilawula inani lomchamo ekhishwe, ngakho-ke inani lenani lokujikeleza kwegazi nomfutho wegazi. Futhi i- concentration ye- ion kanye ne-permmeability yazo ezindongeni ezibulalayo inikeza ibhalansi ye-electrolyte emzimbeni wethu. Ngakho-ke, izinso ziyingxenye ebalulekile, futhi impendulo ewukuphela kombuzo embuzweni othi: "Uphi futhi umphi umchamo oyinhloko futhi uphi?" Ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nesakhiwo se-nephron, kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko kuwo: i-corpuscle yama-renal (capillary glomerulus + ngaphandle kwe-Bowman capsule Shumlyansky) kanye nama-tubules (ehla - ehamba phambili eqondiswa ngokugqamile, i-loop ka-Henle, ekhuphuka - ehlukanisa ngqo futhi e-convoluted). Uphi futhi umchamo oyinhloko owenziwe kulesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuphi? Kulula nje, uma uqonda.

Isebenza kanjani?

Ngakho-ke, zonke izinqubo zenzeka ngokuqondile ezindlini ze-nephron ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezilandelanayo. Eqinisweni, umchamo oyinhloko umthamo otholakala ukuhlunga kusuka ezingxenyeni zamaselula egazini, futhi kwenzeka emgodini we-renal. Ngenxa yokuthi ububanzi be-nephron ye-arteriolar bububanzi obuphindwe kabili ngobubanzi be-nephron, igazi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme lijoqelwa ku-Bowman-Shumlyansky capsule, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lalo mandla lingena kwi-capillary glomerulus. Kulesi simo, izakhi zamaselula nama-molecule amaqabunga azidluli emgodini wezindonga zezimpahla, ngakho-ke ziphuma i-capsule emuva kwe-arterioles ye-vascular. Yile ndlela nokuthi kuphi umchamo oyinhloko owakhelwe khona. Futhi le nqubo iphindaphindwa njalo, njalo ngomzuzwana, ngoba ukugcina ubungqabavu bezingxenye zethu nezicubu zethu, igazi lijikeleza njalo, lidlula izinso.

Imininingwane embalwa

Ngakho-ke, ngelanga lesi sitho sidlula ngokwawo kuze kufike ku-1700 amalitha egazi, okuvela kuyo umchamo oyinhloko (150-170 amalitha), okungukuthi, ilitha elilodwa kulawo onke ayishumi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uketshezi olwanele kufanele luhlukaniswe nomzimba, ngoba usuku nosuku umuntu udla cishe ngamalitha angu-2-3 wamanzi, kanye nenye ingxenye yecitha-litre eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokusebenzisa umzimba. Futhi njengoba umchamo oyinhloko utholakala ukuhlunga okulula kakhulu kwegazi ngokusebenzisa izibilini, cishe cishe i-plasma, kodwa ngaphandle kwama-molecule amakhulu. Kodwa ngokungafani neyokugcina, i-ions amaningi ne-glucose nazo zifakwe emcimbini oyinhloko, njengoba ziwela kalula udonga lwamasongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sidlula ohlelweni lwe-tubulus, ukubuyisela kabusha amanzi, i-electrolytes futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, i-glucose, kwenzeka. Yingakho lapho kutholakala amaprotheni noshukela ekuhlaziyweni komchamo, udokotela ngokusobala usolisa isimo sezinto eziphilayo.

Izifo

Izinso zitholakala kuma-agent amaningi ezithathelwanayo, ama-antibodies azo, kanye nama-parasites. Ngakho, isifo esesabekayo yi-glomerulonephritis, esithinta, okokuqala, i-nephron, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona umchamo oyinhloko. Khona-ke inqubo yokuvuvukala idlulela ema-tubules, ngakho-ke inani elikhulu lamaprotheni kanye ne-electrolytes litholakala ekuhlolweni komchamo.

I-pathology ejwayelekile kunazo zonke i-pyelonephritis, ukuvuvukala kwesimiso sezinyosi kanye ne-pelvic yesifo esithathelwanayo, okungukuthi, izinso ezikhipha umchamo zibe ngumbimbi. I-parenchyma ihlupheka kakhulu, ngakho-ke amaprotheni atholakala ngemali encane, kodwa amabhaktheriya nama-leukocyte abalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-nephrites ahlukahlukene avela ematokhweni omzimba womzimba (amyloidosis), izifo zesimiso senhliziyo (ukushaya kwegazi, ukucindezeleka komzimba, i-thrombosis), ukukhathazeka komzimba. Kukhona nezinkinga ezingenasifo somzimba zesistimu ye- urinary. Ngakho-ke, izinso zithinteka kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwemvelo, futhi njengoba indima yabo emzimbeni ibalulekile, impilo yabo kufanele inakekelwe ebusheni bayo.