Iyini isimiso sezinzwa? Umsebenzi wesistimu yezinzwa, isimo nokuvikelwa

, человек узнает еще в школьные годы. Umuntu ufunda ngesimiso sezinzwa esikoleni esikoleni. Izifundo ze-biology zinikela ngolwazi jikelele mayelana nomzimba wonke kanye nezitho ezithile ngabanye. Phakathi nenhlelo yesikole, izingane zifunda ukuthi ukusebenza okujwayelekile komzimba kuxhomeke esimweni sesimiso sezinzwa. Uma kukhona ukwehluleka kuwo, umsebenzi wezinye izitho uphazamiseka. Kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezithinta lokhu ngezinga elithile . характеризуют как одно из важнейших звеньев организма. Uhlelo lwesimiso lubonakala njengenye yezixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni. Inquma ukubumbana okusebenzayo kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi zomuntu nokuxhuma kwendalo kanye nemvelo yangaphandle. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa siyini.

Isakhiwo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa siyini, udinga ukutadisha zonke izakhi zalo ngokwahlukana. I-neuron isebenza njengeyunithi yokwakha. Yisiteji ngamagatsha. Ama-neurons enza amathanga. Ekhuluma ngalokho isimiso sezinzwa, kufanele futhi kuthiwa sinezigaba ezimbili: ephakathi nendawo. Owokuqala uhlanganisa intambo yomgogodla nobuchopho, okwesibili - izinzwa nama-node abashiya. Ngokwesimo isimiso sezinzwa sihlukaniswe sibe yi-vegetative ne-somatic.

Amaseli

Bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili: ahlukene futhi asebenza kahle. начинается с рецепторов. Umsebenzi wesistimu yezinzwa uqala nama-receptors. Babona ukukhanya, umsindo, iphunga. Amandla - ama-motor - amangqamuzana akhiqiza futhi aqondise izifiso ezithombeni ezithile. Ziqukethe umzimba nucleus, izinqubo eziningi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-dendrites. Esitokisini sezinzwa , i-fiber-axon iyodwa. Ubude bayo bungaba yi-1-1.5 mm. Ama-axx ahlinzeka ngokudlulisela umfutho. Emangqamuzaneni amangqamuzana anomthwalo wokubona iphunga nokunambitheka, kunezinhlanganisela ezikhethekile. Basabela kulezi zinto noma ezinye izinto ngokushintsha isimo sabo.

Umnyango wezitshalo

обеспечивает работу внутренних органов, желез, лимфатических и кровеносных сосудов. Umsebenzi wesimiso sezinzwa uqinisekisa umsebenzi wezitho zangaphakathi, izigulane, imithwalo ye-lymphatic kanye negazi. Ngokwezinga elithile, liphinde lenze ukusebenza komzimba. Esikhathini sezinhlelo zemifino, iminyango ye-parasympathetic futhi enozwela iyahlukaniswa. Lezi zinsuku ziqinisekisa ukuqhutshwa komfundi kanye ne-bronchi encane, ukucindezela okwandisiwe, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, njll. Umnyango we-parasympathetic unesibopho sokusebenza kwezidakamizwa, isisu nesibindi. Kusuka kuwo kuphuma izimpucuko ezivuselela ezinye izinzwa (oculomotor, langocrus, isibonelo). Lezi zikhungo zitholakala esigodini sekhanda kanye nezingxenye ze-sacral zomgogodla.

I-Pathologies

Izifo zesimiso semifino kungenzeka ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, ukuphazamiseka kungumphumela wezinye izifo, isibonelo, i-TBI, ubuthi, izifo. Ukungaphumeleli ohlelweni lwezitshalo kungabangelwa ukungabi namavithamini, ukucindezeleka okuvamile. Izifo eziningi zivame "ukugcizelela" ezinye izifo. Isibonelo, uma ukusebenza kwama-thoracic noma amakhodi womlomo wesibeletho kuphazamiseka, kunezinhlungu ku-sternum ezinikela ehlombe. Izimpawu ezinjalo ziyisifo senhliziyo, ngakho-ke iziguli zivame ukudidliza izifo.

Umgogodla

Ngaphandle kubonakala njengomthwalo. Ubude balo mnyango kumuntu omdala bungaba ngu-41-45 cm. Kukhona ukuqina okubili emthonjeni womgogodla: i-lumbar nomlomo wesibeletho. Bakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo zokugcina izindlu zemikhawulo ephansi nangaphezulu. Emthonjeni womgogodla , lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa: i-sacral, i-lumbar, i-thoracic, i-cervical. Kuyo yonke ubude bayo ihlanganiswe ngamabolondo athambile, aqinile ne-arachnoid.

Ubuchopho

Itholakala ku-skull. Ubuchopho buqukethe ama-hemispheres angakwesokudla nokhohlo, i-trunk kanye ne-cerebellum. Kutholakala ukuthi isisindo sakhe emadodeni sikhulu kunalabo besifazane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kuqala esikhathini sokubumbana. Usayizi wangempela lomzimba ufinyelela eminyakeni engaba ngu-20. Ekupheleni kokuphila, isisindo sobuchopho sinciphisa. Ihlukaniswa yiminyango:

1. Okokugcina.
2. Okuphakathi.
3. Isilinganiso.
4. Emuva.
5. I-Oblong.

I-hemisphere

Iqukethe i- basal nuclei kanye nesikhungo esicacile. Igobolondo langaphandle le-hemispheres linomfanekiso obunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokutholakala kwemigodi nemifula. Bakha uhlobo lwe "gyri". Umuntu ngamunye unomklamo ohlukile. Noma kunjalo, kunezintambo eziningi, okufanayo kubo bonke. Bavumela ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezinhlanu: zangaphambili, i-parietal, i-occipital, yesikhashana futhi ivulekile.

Izimpendulo ezingenakuqondiswa

– ответная реакция на раздражители. Izinqubo zesimiso sezinzwa ziyindlela yokuphendula. Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kwafundwa ngumsosayensi ovelele waseRussia, njenge-IP Pavlov. Lezi zimpendulo zigxile kakhulu ekuziphatheni komzimba. Okuyinhloko kubo kukhona ukudla, okubonisa, ukuzivikela. Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kuzalwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kwaphenywa nguSimonov. Usosayensi wathola izigaba ezingu-3 zokuzizwa kokuzalwa okuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo ethize yemvelo:

1. Vital. Banikeza izinhlobo zezilwane nokulondolozwa komuntu ngamunye. Ukucabanga okunjalo kuhlanganisa ukudla, ukuma, ukuzivikela, ukuphuza, ukulawulwa kokulala, njll. Indlela yokuphendula ngaleyo ndlela yilezi: ukufa komzimba uma izidingo ezihambelanayo zingenelisekile, futhi ukusabela kutholakala ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwabanye abantu bezinhlobo ezifanayo.
2. Ukubamba iqhaza. Lezi zinkinga zenziwa kuphela uma zixhumana nabanye abantu bezinhlobo ezifanayo. Ukuphendula okunjalo kuyakha isisekelo sokuziphatha komzali, indawo kanye nokunye. Lezi zizindla zibaluleke ngokukhethekile "ngozwela," ukuxolisa ngokomzwelo, ukudalwa kweqembu eliphakeme lapho umuntu ngamunye enendima ethize - umzali, umlingani, i-cub, umfokazi noma umnikazi webanga, isigqila, umholi nokunye okunjalo.
3. Ukusabela kokuzithuthukisa. Lezi zizindla zihlose ukuqonda imithombo ye-space-time, ziphendukela ngasekusasa. Ukuphendula okunjalo kuhlanganisa ukuziphatha kocwaningo, ukulingisa, ukumelana, njll.

I-reflex eseduze

Ikhonjiswe ngokunakekelwa okungaqondakali, okuhambisana nokwanda kwethambo lomzimba. I-reflex ibangelwa ukuvuselelwa okusha noma okungalindelekile. Ososayensi babiza lokhu ukuphendula "ukukhathazeka," ukukhathazeka, ukumangala. Kunezigaba ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwayo:

1. Ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi yamanje, ukulungiswa kokumiswa. USimonov ubiza lokhu jikelele (ukuvimbela) ukuvimbela. Kuvela ekubukeni kwanoma yisiphi isisusa ngesignali engaziwa.
2. Ukuguqulwa ekuphenduleni "ukusebenza". Ngalesi sigaba imvelo ihunyushwa ngokulungele ukulungiswa komhlangano ongenakwenzeka ngesimo esiphuthumayo. Lokhu kubonakala ngokunyuka okujwayelekile kwezwi le-muscle. Kulesi sigaba, ukuphendulwa kwepolitiki kuyenzeka. Kuhilela ukuguqula ikhanda, iso elibhekene nesisusa.
3. Ukulungiswa kwenkundla yokuvuselela ukuqaliswa kokuhlaziywa kwesignali nokuhlukaniswa kwempendulo.

Okushoyo

I-reflex yokukhomba iyingxenye yesakhiwo sokuziphatha kocwaningo. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi emvelweni omusha. Imisebenzi yokucwaninga ingahle isetshenziswe kokubili ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezintsha, nasekufuneni into ekwazi ukwanelisa ilukuluku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungabuye kuhlinzekwe ukuhlaziywa kokubaluleka kwesisusa. Kulesi simo, ukuzwela kwabahlaziyi bahlaziyekile.

Indlela

Ukuqaliswa kwe-reflex orientation kubangelwa ukusebenzisana okunamandla kwezinhlelo eziningi ezingenasici kanye nezakhi ezithile zesistimu yenzwa yomphakathi. Isigaba sokusebenza okujwayelekile, isibonelo, sihlotshaniswa nokuqaliswa kokubunjwa okubalulekile kanye nokuqala kokuncintisana okujwayelekile kwe-cortex. Uma kuhlaziywa isisusa, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cortical-limbic-thalamic kubaluleke kakhulu. Inendima ebalulekile kulolu cala inge-hippocampus.

Izimo ezinengqondo

Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-19-20. U-Pavlov, oye wafunda umsebenzi wezinhlayiya zokugaya ukudla isikhathi eside, wembula lokhu okulandelayo ezilwaneni zokuhlola. Ukwandisa uketshezi kwesiphuzo esiswini kanye nesimali kwenzeka njalo hhayi ngokufaka ngokuqondile kokudla endleleni yokugaya, kodwa futhi lapho ulinde ukuthola. Ngaleso sikhathi, indlela yalesi simo ayengaziwa. Ososayensi bawachaza ngokuthi "ukugqugquzelwa kwengqondo" kwezingqungquthela. Ezingxenyeni ezalandela, uPavlov ubhekene nalokhu kuphendulela ekucabangeni okufakiwe (okutholiwe). Zingavuka futhi zinyamalale ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu. Ukuze kubonakale ukuphendula okufakiwe, kubalulekile ukuthi i-stimuli emibili ihambisane. Omunye wabo uphekisa impendulo enengqondo kunoma yiziphi izimo - i-reflex engenakunqunywa. Owesibili, ngenxa yesimiso salo, awuphikisi noma yikuphi ukuphendula. Kuchazwa njengabantu abangenandaba (abangenandaba). Ukuze i-reflex conditioned, i-stimulus yesibili kufanele iqale ukwenza isinyathelo ngokushesha kunengqondo engavumelekanga, imizuzwana embalwa. Kule ndaba, ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo zangaphambili kufanele kube ngaphansi.

Ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sezinzwa

Njengoba wazi, umzimba uthinteka ngezici ezihlukahlukene. сказывается на работе других органов. Isimo sesimiso sezinzwa sithinta umsebenzi wezinye izitho. Ngisho nezinhlobonhlobo ezingabalulekile ekuboneni kuqala kungaba yizizathu zezifo ezinzima. Kulesi simo, akuzona njalo ezizohambisana nomsebenzi wesistimu yezinzwa. Mayelana nalokhu, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kufanele kukhokhwe ezinyathelo zokuvimbela. раздражающих факторов. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ithonya ohlelweni lwezinzwa zezinto ezicasulayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kungenye yezimbangela ze-pathologies yenhliziyo. Ukwelashwa kwalezi zifo akubandakanyi imithi kuphela, kodwa futhi i-physiotherapy, ukusebenzisa i-thérapie, njll. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukudla. Ukusuka kokudla okunempilo kuncike esimweni sezinhlelo zomuntu nezitho zomuntu. Ukudla kufanele kube namavithamini anele. Ochwepheshe batusa ukufaka ekudleni kokudla kwezitshalo, amakhambi, imifino nezithelo.

I-Vitamin C

Inomphumela omuhle kuwo wonke amasistimu omzimba, kufaka phakathi ukwesaba. Ngaphandle kwevithamini C ezingeni leselula, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kunikezwa. Leli qembu lihileleke ekuhlanganisweni kwe-ATP (adenosine triphosphate). I-Vitamin C ibhekwa njengenye ye-antioxidants eqinile kakhulu, ayibukeli imiphumela emibi yama-radicals yamahhala ngokuzibophezela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nto ingakwazi ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wezinye izidakamizwa. Phakathi kwabo, i-vitamin E ne-selenium.

Lecithin

Iqinisekisa inkambo evamile yezinqubo ohlelweni lwezinzwa. I-Lecithin ingumsoco oyinhloko wamaseli. Okuqukethwe emnyangweni wezokuxhumana kungama-17%, ebuchosheni - 30%. Ngokudla okunganele kwe-lecithin, ukukhathala okwesaba kwenzeka. Umuntu uyacasuka, okuvame ukuholela ekuphazamiseni kwemizwa. I-Lecithin iyadingeka kuwo wonke amaseli omzimba. Ihlanganiswe eqenjini lamavithamini e-B futhi ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lecithin ihileleke ekukhiqizeni i-acetylcholine.

Umculo otholisa isimiso sezinzwa

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uma kwenzeka izifo ze-CNS, izinyathelo zokwelapha zingabandakanya ukuthatha imithi kuphela. Inkambo yokwelapha ikhethwe kuye ngobukhulu bokuphulwa. достигается зачастую и без обращения к врачу. Okwamanje, ukuphumula kwesimiso sezinzwa kutholakala njalo ngaphandle kokubonisana nodokotela. Umuntu angathola izindlela zokususa ukucasuka. . Isibonelo, kunezingoma ezehlukene zokutholisa isimiso sezinzwa . Njengomthetho, lezi zingxenyana ezisheshayo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwamazwi. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu banganciphisa futhi bahambe. Uma ukhetha amathrekhi, kufanele ugxile ezintweni ozikhethayo. Udinga nje ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umculo awucindezeli. Namuhla, uhlobo olukhethekile lokuphumula luye lwavame kakhulu. Ihlanganisa izingoma zama-classic, zomculo. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko somculo ophumuzayo siwu-monotone esithambile. It "ivulela" umlaleli, ekwakheni "cocoon" esithambile kodwa eqinile evikela umuntu emthonjeni wangaphandle. Umculo ophumuzayo ungaba ngezigaba zakudala, kodwa awuhambisani nomculo. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngethuluzi elilodwa: ipiyano, isiginci, i-violin, umcibisholo. Kungaba futhi ingoma enamazwi aphindaphinda aphindaphinda futhi alula. Okuthandwa kakhulu yimisindo yemvelo - ukuqhuma kwamaqabunga, umsindo wezulu, ukucula kwezinyoni. Ngokuhambisana nomculo wezinsimbi eziningana, bakhipha umuntu kude nomjikelezo wansukuzonke, isigqi se-megacity, kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa nesisindo. Uma ulalele, kucatshangwa imicabango, injabulo ishintshwe ngokuthula.