Self-kulinywePsychology

Ingqikithi yale theory of ubudlelwano babantu

nobudlelwano - omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma lomcoka ukuphathwa. Kukulo muzi lapho yaqale kunakwe isici womuntu, okuyinto liyisici esiyinhloko kwenhlangano. Theory kubalulekile, hhayi kuphela isayensi ukuphathwa, kodwa futhi in kwengqondo. Yena a impahla enkulu esiye zanqwabelana izindlela enokwehla, okuyinto efanele kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ehleleke kahle ukuphathwa uhlelo kuyo yonke indawo umsebenzi kudingekile jikelele ekuthuthukisweni amatshe, lapho khona isihloko esikhulu uyindoda soulful okugxile nokongiwa, nokwengezwa emasikweni namagugu abantu bayo.

izimfanelo theory

Okwamanje, kukhona esikhulu ukuphathwa isayensi. Uhlu eyala kule ndawo eminyakeni yamuva, uye wanda kakhulu. Ukuze babe nolwazi zakamuva, okunikeza umbono wolwazi lokuziphendukela ebuhlotsheni babantu ekuphathweni, kumelwe unombono lesikole classical, ukuqonda imisuka kwesimangalo zefilosofi, ukuqonda izinqubo ezenzeka kanye ezinomthelela ekutfutfukiseni ummango ethile.

Phakathi ekukhuleni komphakathi kwenzeke izinguquko ezinkulu kwendawo esintwini, kuze ishintshe ngokuphelele tonkhe tincenye ohlelweni. Lezi ukulungiswa kuthinte izithakazelo ngisho kazwelonke.

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo imisebenzi ithimba unenjongo, bedinga zokubusa okuhle, kudalwa indlela yokufundisa, enjengalokhu imfundiso yokuziphendukela ebuhlotsheni babantu inhlangano yabo.

Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni lokuphatha ezifanele Iinhlangano ukubhekana abasafufusa ekufezeni umgomo, ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi. Ngisho emphakathini bakudala Basazisa okuthiwa izici ebhizinisi - umthwalo, isinyathelo, ikhono ukuba izifake engozini. ukuthuthukiswa Special imisebenzi abanjalo baye ngaphansi kohlelo senceku.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona abhekene necala off ekulimeni kanye nemisebenzi yezandla abangu abathengisi nabahwebi. Yiqiniso, wonke-ke kudingeka inhlangano ecacile, yokusungula kwezinsiza, ukulawula izinga futhi nezikwazi ukuthonya abantu. Yilokhu ukuphathwa.

Izimfundiso isikhathi ubudala

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo kwesokunxele incwadi, okuyinto iphathwa njengendlela ithiyori of ubudlelwano babantu, lapho kukuningi okuye kwashiwo mayelana nokuphathwa.

Lezi idatha ehambisana namuhla. "Ukufundiswa Ptahhotep" (ayizinkulungwane 4. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule) okubeka phambili umqondo ukuthi inhloko yawo ukubaluleka kokuba ethule, ukulalela amazwi isicelo, hhayi uvimbele ukuquleka ngaphambi kokuba uthanda futhi adambise umphefumulo, njengoba abathintekayo amabhadi indoda ufuna benze okungaphezu nje uthele obukhulu kuka ukufeza isinqumo esihle.

AmaGreki asendulo futhi abazange bahlale kude izinkinga zokuphatha. UPlato yakhuluma ngesidingo umsebenzi division futhi lunye lomsebenzi. USocrates wakhetha ukubusa njengamakhosi endaweni ebalulekile yomsebenzi futhi kugcizelelwe endaweni olukhethekile phakathi kukahulumeni, abasebenzi, ukuhweba, amabutho emkhakheni. Futhi amaRoma asendulo owasungula umqondo ka yokwehlayo esiqinile, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi esichazwa njengesono esiphambene theory of ubudlelwano babantu ukuphathwa.

Ngelinye ilanga ngo-nemibandela feudalism, umkhiqizi eyinhloko izimpahla lizoba ingcweti ezimele kanye nabalimi abancane. Futhi wabe athuthukile ne-capitalism, lapho izimiso nenkululeko ukusebenza: ukusungulwa amanani, inkokhelo, abasebenzi ukhathazekile, umncintiswano.

abameleli Ezivelele ebuhlotsheni babantu theory, umqondo

neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni kwabasebenzi wenza Socialists nakancane. Owen R. ngokukhethekile zikhokhelwe isici womuntu. Lososayensi, nodokotela izindlela lwezenhlalo sokuthuthukiswa ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi, kwaba Endryu Yur. Yena ikakhulukazi igxile ezishintshayo zomsebenzi.

Umsunguli ukuphathwa komphakathi kubhekwa i sefilosofi German ezivelele kanye mlando M. Weber, esikhundleni salokho, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Austria Freud Z. baba umsunguli esikoleni psychoanalytic kwabantu.

Zonke imiqondo okukhuthaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela ebuhlotsheni babantu ukuphathwa, nezindlela ezihlobene okuhlukile yezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

· Ukuthuthukiswa exchange of nemisebenti kanye netimphahla ngokobudlelwano nabanye impahla;

· Ukudalwa inhlangano;

· Kutfutfukiswa uhlelo yamanani.

Ngamanye amazwi - lokhu kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane emakethe khulula esekelwe nokulingana umkhiqizi kanye umthengi, kwenchubo lenhlangano isimiso wokwehlayo kanye kumiswa ezithile isiko zokuphatha kanye zomthetho, kwemazinga ekutiphatsa.

Okuthakazelisayo esikoleni yezesayensi of ubudlelwano babantu ukuphathwa theory. Kuyinto simiso Taylor. Wasikisela umbono ihlukane senqubo yokukhiqiza ku izakhi ehlukile futhi ukukhomba indlela engcono kakhulu ekwenzeni ngamunye. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso kwaholela inhlangano ka yemfanelo iyintsha futhi iyintsha of Governors. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lapha ihlela.

izindlela ezintsha

Phakathi kwalabo, sibonga kubani imfundiso yokuziphendukela ebuhlotsheni babantu ukuphathwa uye savela kakhulu, kukhona muntu omangalisayo, wayecabangisisa - M. Follett Wayengumngane nesithakazelo kwezombangazwe yokuhlalisana kwabantu ukuphathwa. Ngisho lapho esemusha Follett wasebenza e-Boston lakubo ethola ingcebo yolwazi.

Ekuqaleni, ngokuyisisekelo ebuhlotsheni babantu theory kwaba yamalungiselelo:

· Ugqozi Main abantu - izidingo zomphakathi, ubuntu babo abazizwa ngayo lapho ubuhlobo nabanye;

· Ngenxa ukuhleleka revolution umkhakha - umsebenzi isiphenduke alithandeki, ngakho-ke, indoda ufuna ukwaneliseka ubudlelwano nabanye;

· Abantu abaningi isabela ithonya yomphakathi alinganayo kubo kuka esibatshela ukuphathwa control nemisebenzi;

• Uma isisebenzi ubona ikhanda njengendlela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo, ulungele ukuphendula ugqozi lwakhe.

Khulisa kahle

ithiyori Developed ebuhlotsheni babantu nesayensi kokuziphatha kuhluke kakhulu esikoleni lezokuphathwa kwabantu kuphela. Umqondo for indlela entsha - ukuze ubonise amakhono umsebenzi uqobo, besebenzisa umqondo wesayensi yokuziphatha ukwakha uphinde uphathe izinhlangano. Ngokuvamile, injongo yale esikoleni - ukwandisa inhlangano kahle ezingeni ngosizo oqeda kahle kwezinsiza ezingabasebenzi.

Ngale ndlela e-eminyakeni engu-60 liye laba ethandwa kakhulu. Njengabanye, okukhona womuntu nobuhlobo esikoleni e ukuphathwa ithiyori, besebenzisa le ndlela, uthi kuphela izindlela ezifanele ukuze uxazulule izinkinga zokuphatha. postulates lakhe waveza ukuthi isicelo eyiqiniso inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuziphatha kuzobonakala njalo ukuze ukuphumelela komsebenzi siqu sakhe kanye nenhlangano iyonke.

Nokho, lezi zindlela kuphela ezimweni ezithile.

abalobi American inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ebuhlotsheni babantu ahlanganisa ugqozi

Ukuthandwa yazuza ugqozi theory of ubudlelwano babantu kuphatfwa kwemitfombolusito yeluntfu, okuyinto zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:

· Lelincomekako - esekelwe ukuhlonza izidingo;

· Ngokwenqubo - ephakeme, ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabantu mayelana nombono wabo futhi cognition.

Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo American futhi Economist, umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ugqozi (1954), A. Maslow (1908-1970) wayevame ukuthi kuyo ngokwayo akaqhutshwa indoda, kodwa isidingo futhi degree of ukwaneliseka. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, isidingo sokuhleleka kwezindawo okhonzile wabusa phezu wanelisekile unmet. Isukela ephansi kuya ezingokomoya ephakeme.

Maslow athuthukile la umqondo wezwe elingaphansi sokusebenza kwengqondo American kanye sezomnotho UProfesa F. Herzberg Waba ngo-1950, kwezici ezimbili imodeli yisisusa-kwenhlanzeko:

· Motivation libhekisela: okuqukethwe umsebenzi, umuntu azifezayo, ukuqashelwa, ithuba uthuthukise amakhono nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi;

· Ukuhlanzeka kuhlanganisa: nezimo zokusebenza, akhokhe, isilinganiso abaphathi, ubudlelwane kuleli qembu.

Kuphela ukwaneliseka yalezi zinto kuzoholela ukwanda nekusebenta umsebenzi.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlobo zobuhlobo babantu neyobuntu, kwabantu anthropocentric nokuphathwa enhlanganweni futhi mentalizing uqine ngokwanele.

Njengengxenye ukuthi kuwumbono lesikole of ubudlelwano babantu, izimiso ebaluleke kakhulu isicelo ngokugcwele kanye nokuthuthukisa abasebenzi amakhono ukuze baxazulule izinkinga zabo ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo multidimensional, ukusetshenziswa indlela yokuzithiba kuhlelembisa, ukulawula kwangaphakathi, humanization yomsebenzi, inkanuko izinqubo ebudlelwaneni iqembu futhi ilawulwa intando yeningi.

Ngo Psychology, i- "Izinto ezenziwa abantu" libhekisela kumuntu, iqembu, umphakathi kanye nomphakathi, kubhekwa kufakwe uhlelo lokulawula futhi ekunqumeni ukuncintisana, ukusebenza kahle kwenhlangano. Leli zwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu, izidingo zakhe, izimo zengqondo, izithakazelo, nakho, njalo njalo. N. Ngalesi indlela, abasebenzi izindleko awacatshangwa njengoba izindleko kodwa njengempahla ukuthi kwakufanele sisetshenziswe ngokufanele.

Amatemu Alfred McClelland

Okwazekayo, wesayensi yokuziphatha, ngaphezu nomqondo Maslow A., ezimbili ethandwa kakhudlwana: Alfred K. (ukuba khona isidingo, ukukhula nokuxhumana) no D. McClelland (amandla, impumelelo, ukubamba iqhaza).

Umehluko u-Alfred umqondo theory Maslow sika:

· Movement sabaphathi kungaba elingezansi, futhi okuphambene nalokho, uma lungenayo nezidingo wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu;

· Ukuba khona imigqa emibili inikeza amathuba angeziwe ubawe.

umqondo Olic McClelland kusukela Maslow: izidingo kungukuthi abangaphansi sabaphathi, ngisho nomthelela nomunye.

Postulates MacGregor

Okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isifundiso ebuhlotsheni babantu theory kwesokunxele MacGregor «X / Y». Postulates «X»:

· Umuntu kumele baphoqeleke ukuba basebenze amahora kuze unswinyo;

· Abantu ungafuni ukuba uzoba qotho, ngakho uthanda ukuba ngaphansi kokuqondisa;

· Umuntu a kuyize kancane kanye elikhulu isidingo yayo ngoba ngokuqiniseka esikhathini esizayo kosuku.

Postulates we "U":

· Umuntu ezihlobene nomsebenzi ukuvuthwa abanolwazi;

· Uma umuntu usulungile ukuthuthukisa futhi baqikelele ukugcwaliseka umgomo - akha ukuzithiba a futhi ayidingi ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, kodwa lokhu kubalulekile ukudala izimo.

Ngokusekelwe «X / Y», lezi engqubuzanayo, wadala izindlela ezimbili kuphatfwa kwemitfombolusito yeluntfu - isitayela autocratic yelinyenti lobuholi.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela «X» kunezinzuzo eziningana. Kurt Levin, sihlola izindawo okwakubulawelwa kuzo ngokwengqondo nomthelela ngendlela ukuhola babhekane nezindaba yalokho, ithuthukiswe iziphetho: ukubusa kobushiqela kungcono kunokusebenzisa enye yeningi.

Kodwa ngenkathi kukhona ingxenye encane lokudala, okwakhe, nobungane encane, nokubambisana abampofu, groupthink ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona wawubonakalisa uchuku kokubili ukuphathwa futhi amalungu aleli qembu, kukhona ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka kanye nokuziphatha sizithobe.

Uphiko ugqozi futhi ngokuyisisekelo ebuhlotsheni babantu theory "Y" kuhloswe ngaso ukugqugquzela amalungu ethimba ukuzithiba actualization, okuyinto has a inhlabathi impahla okunengqondo. inqubomgomo enjalo ukuphathwa akuyona ukumnika isisebenzi e uhlelo esingashintshi, futhi ukuhlanganiswa phakathi iqembu zabasebenzi.

Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuphathwa imikhuba Kudingeka sikhuthaze leqembu ngalinye bafinyelele imigomo yabo siqu, ngombandela wokuthi kuyoba umsebenzi yimpumelelo kakhulu inhlangano.

Theory yesimanjemanje

Ngo enkathini yokugcina ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela «Z» (kumbhali - University of California UProfesa Ouchi V).

Sekuyisikhathi eside Western School of Management (Human Resources) kuthathwe ukuma. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ngu Douglas J., Klein S., D. Hunt nabanye ososayensi. human resources umqondo - reflection ezincwadini isimo lapho okunqumayo kule ikhono ncintisana izimboni kakhulu ngezinga eliphezulu imishini kwezobuchwepheshe kuyinto abaqeqeshiwe, amazinga ugqozi, amafomu enhlangano, kanti ezinye nezinye izinto, lokho inquma nekusebenta abasebenzi.

Isiphathimandla ku-Human Resources, Shane E., wembulela management system imisebenzi elandelayo kule ndawo:

· Ukuhlaziya izinkinga zabasebenzi yenhlangano yayo, ukuhlolwa abasebenzi umthamo, ukunxenxa kanye ukudalwa iqembu ukusebenza;

· Ukuphathwa Direct: uphawu wenza oda, Izibonelelo zezimali, ezihambayo up isitebhisi umsebenzi, ukuhlela umsebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono;

· Ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo senhlangano, inqubo nokuphathwa zabasebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa izindlela nge umvuzo ezifanele;

· Umhlahlo wezulu ukuhlela kabusha, ukuphinda uqeqesho kwabasebenzi, ukuqaliswa izinguquko qualitative ekuphathweni labour.

Ingqikithi kwabasebenzi umqondo zanamuhla ukutshala e ekuqasheni, wokugcinwa umthamo ukusebenza, ukuthuthukiswa professional kanye ukuqeqeshwa, izimo, kube yikwembulwa imali bebelokhu kwezomnotho iphila.

Kwesisekelo eyisisekelo: Ukubuyekeza womholo wasemsebenzini njengoba umthombo ukhiye ekukhiqizeni, ukwenqaba imibono ukuthi kwamandla okusebenza - uyingcebo oludlulele ukuthi akudingi utshalomali yemali, nezingcindezi ku enkampanini. Abasebenzi ungakha inzuzo kumnikazi wazo omkhulu, ukubaluleka zazo kuncike ukusebenza, ubude kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo abantu.

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