Inhlamba of the izimboni zobumba-USSR: incazelo, umlando kanye nezinhlobo

zobumba Soviet kukhona high umhlobiso oncomekayo. Kulezi zinsuku, abantu abaningi babo ezingelwa abaqoqi kanye bemisebenzi yobuciko. Ensimini ka ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union eziqhutshwa eziningi eziningana izimboni zokukhiqiza ngobumba futhi izindengezi. Nquma ukuthi iziphi izitshalo senziwa lokhu noma lokhuya kuncike, kuzosiza brand.

Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila namafemu izitembu zobumba-USSR. Bawenza kanjani lo bheka futhi yini zibonisa? Futhi lezi izitembu zishintshile eminyakeni?

Isigcono ezahlukeneyo zalo

Leligama cishe lisuselwa elithi German Kleim, okuyinto uhumusha Russian ngokuthi "i-glue". Inhlamba - kuyinto graphic ukuthi sisetshenziswa umkhiqizo noma umkhiqizo ukuhlonza umakhi.

Brand, ngokwengxenye enkulu, kuyinto "umkhiqizo", lo mshini kwenkathi senceku. Endulo kwakukhona umkhuba yokubeka uphawu izinceku nganoma yisiphi letimbi noma ubugebengu (isibonelo, ukuzama yokuphunyuka).

Kuyizimpawu zisetshenziswa ebusweni ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Shock (ngokuvamisile kwimikhiqizo metal).
2. Burning.
3. Ukusebenzisa nodayi.

Inhlamba wenza hhayi kuphela umsebenzi ukuhlonza izimpahla. Kuyinto ngokuvamile uhlobo izinga uphawu umkhiqizo othize. By the way, nalesi sici ihlobenenamanye esivamile: "Yebo unayo ndawo ukubeka uphawu!". Ngakho bathi ngabantu nge eziningi bekhubazekile noma kwamaphutha.

Zobumba umkhakha nokuthuthukiswa salo eRussia

Zobumba - kuba impela okuhlala, amelana ezishisayo futhi amakhemikhali impahla ukumelana, asetshenziswa kabanzi emsebenzini wokukhiqiza tableware, ubuciko lezinto namanye imikhiqizo. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo, njengoba umthetho, sebenzisa leso sizinda ezine amaminerali: kuba kaolin, asebenza ngebhethri, feldspar, ibhola nobumba.

Kukholakala ukuthi zobumba "yasungulwa" amaShayina zisekhona ekhulwini VII. Bayahlabelela eside kakhulu igcinwe iresiphi eyimfihlo ukukhiqizwa yayo. Kuphela 1708 baseYurophu wakwazi ukuthola zobumba. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa zokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe yayo isiyatholakala ngesiRashiya.

portselyanovaya imboni lokuqala eRussia lavulwa Petersburg ngo 1744. Inhlamba ifektri zobumba e nenkathi yamaSoviet kwaba emfushane kalula. Lalinama izincwadi ezintathu okwakuthandelene sasisuke: "LPF" (Leningrad Porcelain Factory). Lesi simila usasebenza nanamuhla. Nokho, manje futhi ngeqholo ngokuthi i-Imperial, kanye nabo ezikhathini zangaphambi wamavukelambuso.

Kuyizimpawu eU.SSR zobumba izimboni Russian: izinhlobo kanye nezici

ESoviet Union zobumba umkhakha lakhiwe kakhulu. Imikhiqizo kusukela ngobumba (izitsha, imifanekiso, isitsha sezimbali nezinye nempahla ekhaya) enziwa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezwe. I lokuhlushwa eliphezulu kakhulu izitshalo nasemkhakheni Ukrainian SSR, kanye eYurophu eyayiyingxenye ye SFSR Russian.

Ngokusho lwemibhalo ubudala Soviet, 178 zobumba izimboni yayikhona e-USSR. Inhlamba kwaba yilowo nalowo kubo! It ukuboniswa incwadi noma imiklamo elula ingcaca, ikakhulukazi izilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-izitembu Gorodnitski Porcelain Factory uvezwa egijima izinyamazane, Polonsky - dada ezimhlophe, Sinelnikovskuyu - ukugwinya zindiza. Mhlawumbe isitembu ezithakazelisayo kakhulu laliphathelene Zugdidi isitshalo - ihhashi phezu kwezwe.

Kuyizimpawu izitshalo zobumba zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: underglaze (ukwenziwa umkhiqizo "eluhlaza") futhi overglaze (vyponyayutsya ngemva kokufaka glazes zokuhlobisa ibhaluni). Kunezinhlobo ezintathu imikhiqizo main izindlela inhlamba:

• extrusion isisindo ezimanzi;
• isitembu isinyathelo;
• umdwebo we uphawu umkhiqizo osuphelile.

Yini ukutshela inhlamba zobumba izimboni

Inhlamba - ke, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuwuphawu ikhwalithi ubuqiniso umkhiqizo, okuyinto lihlelwe ngumkhiqizi. Ngokuvamile lingatholakala phansi ware zobumba - izinkomishi, amapuleti, isitsha sezimbali kanye imifanekiso.

Kuyizimpawu Soviet zobumba izimboni ongamtshela okuningi ngokuthi yini ongayenza esithile. Yingakho lokhu abaqoqi zibaluleke kangaka sifunde "funda". On izitembu ngokuvamile liqukethe ulwazi hhayi kuphela mayelana nomkhiqizi, kodwa futhi usuku yomkhiqizo release, njengoba umuntu zobumba umdwebi ngubani ngesineke ke nokunye. D.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi embonini efanayo kungaba "arsenal" amalebula enjalo, ngoba eminyakeni inhlamba ngobumba izimboni ngokuvamile lashintsha. Ngezinye izikhathi ngalé ukuqashelwa. Konke lokhu kudala izinkinga eziningi isizukulwane samanje Abaqoqi inqubo ukuhlonza imikhiqizo ethile.

On izitembu zobumba ngokuvamile ungabona izimpawu ezilandelayo: "1-C", "C-2" "3-C". Yini zazisho ukuthini? Ziyakwazi izimpawu, okungase ukucacisa ibanga ngobumba:

• ebangeni lokuqala (1 C);
• Class II (C-2);
• grade wesithathu (3-C).

Ibanga zobumba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphakamisa usebenzisa imibala uphawu: obomvu - ikhwalithi ezihlukahlukene eliphakeme imikhiqizo; blue - Class mina, Green - yesibili futhi omnyama (noma brown) - I-eyesithathu.

Okulandelayo, sichaza ngokuningiliziwe edume kunazo zobumba izimboni kweSoviet Union, benaka ikakhulukazi kwimikhiqizo kwabo kanye nophawu.

Leningrad Porcelain Factory

Kuyinto omdala futhi enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu eRussia ukukhiqizwa zobumba amabhizinisi. It yasungulwa emuva 1744. Manje isitshalo kubizwa ngokuthi - Imperial (esifushanisiwe - IPE).

IPE zobumba kubukiswe ngayo eziningi iminyuziyamu owaziwa emhlabeni (ikakhulu, e-London, New York, kanye kule Hermitage). Namuhla, lesi sitshalo kuveza anhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo ahlukahlukene. Lokhu itiye amasethi, izinkomishi kanye Saucers, imifanekiso, futhi izinto ezihlukahlukene elingaphakathi. uchungechunge ethandwa kakhulu "eMoscow Petersburg e china", esibonisa ezikhangayo esemqoka izihloko ezimbili kuleli zwe izinkomishi, amapuleti isikhumbuzo izinsimbi.

Inhlamba ifektri zobumba e nenkathi yamaSoviet kwaba ifomu emfushane kakhulu: izincwadi ezintathu okwakuthandelene "LPF". Namuhla, bonke mikhondo ibhizinisi ephethwe ukhozi anesithombe ne usuku ngezizathu isitshalo futhi i-Imperial Porcelain yombhalo oqoshiwe.

Dmitrov Porcelain Factory

Le nkampani, eyasungulwa ngo-1766, etholakala edolobhaneni Verbilki (Taldom wesifunda, esifundeni eMoscow). Namuhla-ke kubizwa nge "Porcelain Verbilok".

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, Dmitrov isitshalo wagxilisa nempikiswano yobukhosi ekukhiqizweni ukhwaliti ongaphakeme. Noma kunjalo, kule mboni isikhathi zobumba zazikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi zala imiklomelo ehlonishwayo ngamazwe (ezifana ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide eWorld uMbukiso Paris ngo-1937). Namuhla "Porcelain Verbilok" - ingenye amabhizinisi zobumba ekhona ezintathu eRussia.

Inhlamba ifektri zobumba e Verbilki kungenzeki nhlobo ukufunda. Lowo mdwebo inhloko-moose ngohlamvu "B" in the ekhoneni lesidla eliphansi.

Dulevo zobumba ifektri

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ngokuya ukukhiqizwa, inkampani umkhakha whiteware eRussia yesimanje itholakala emzini Likino-Dulyovo (nesifunda eMoscow). Dulevo isitshalo yasungulwa ngo 1832. Ngaphansi kobuholi usomabhizinisi abanamakhono M. S. Kuznetsova ifektri usezuze udumo emhlabeni wonke nokuduma.

Imikhiqizo zalesi sitshalo kalula obonwa umdwebo ekhethekile ngobungcweti. It ngokucacile usukela izisusa temdzabu Russian nge predominance imibala orange futhi ebomvu. Tea Setha "Golden Deer", mhlawumbe imisebenzi ebalulekile kakhulu isitshalo.

Kuyizimpawu Dulevo zobumba ifektri konke kuwo wonke umlando khona washintsha izikhathi 30! Kusukela ngo-1962, i-brand name ibhizinisi kuyinto elwa sokuqhafaza ukhozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni ingaphila "bheka" kokubili kwesokunxele kanye izinhlangothi kwesokudla.

Gorodnitsky Porcelain Factory

Lona omunye omdala amabhizinisi Ukraine umkhakha whiteware. Lesi sitshalo lakhiwa 1799 futhi kwakungekaNkulunkulu umndeni kwesikhulu Czartoryski. Ngeshwa, inkampani ekugcineni uvaliwe 2012. Laliqhele edolobhaneni Gorodnitsa Zhytomyr esifundeni.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, lesi sitshalo kwaveza tableware, itiye amasethi iphosilini imifanekiso. On the isitembu ukuboniswa umkhiqizo noma dada noma izinhlamvu ezintathu: GFZ (ngaphansi igama simila).

Polonsky Porcelain Factory

Engxenyeni ye XIX zobumba ekhulwini umkhakha yesibili iqala bechuma Podolia (esifundeni naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine), esizwa lendawo isisekelo seensetjenziswa - ezifakwa ocebile kaolin ngobumba asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi. Ngo-1889, e-edolobheni elidala egcwele (manje Khmelnitsky esifundeni) yasungulwa yi-sithombo esingatshalwanga lwaluyoba omunye abakhiqizi elikhulu zobumba e-USSR.

Ikakhulukazi edume Polonsky ifektri esidayisa Izithombe eziningi. decanter Famous ngezibuko ngesimo inhlanzi, mhlawumbe, kwaba kuzo zonke ezinye nomndeni Soviet. On imikhiqizo Polonsky ngobumba ifektri ngokuvamile ungabona isitembu ngesimo dada. Ngeshwa, ngo-2008 i-Ukrainian zobumba umkhakha giant abasekho.