Imfundo:Isayensi

Iphuzu lokuxubha le-Copper

Abalando-mlando basikisela ukuthi abantu abathobekile bathola ithusi njengama-nuggets, ngezinye izikhathi bafinyelela ngobukhulu obukhulu. Igama lalo nge-Latin yethusi (Cuprum) eyamukelwa esiqhingini saseCyprus, lapho sakhishwa amaGreki asendulo. Ngenxa yokuthi iphuzu lokuqhakazila yethusi aliphakeme kakhulu futhi lingu-1083 ° C, ama-nuggets noma i-ore equkethe ithusi kungenzeka iyancibilika esigxotsheni. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwethusi futhi kwayivumela ukuba isetshenziselwe ukwenza izikhali nezinto zendlu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ithusi lisetshenziswe kakhulu ngabantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, libalwa phakathi kwezingxenye ezingu-23 phakathi kwezinye izakhi ngokusabalalisa kwalo emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile, kwenzeka ngokwemvelo ngesimo samakhemikhali ayingxenye yama-sulphide ores. Okuvamile kulezi zitshalo zethusi nezethusi. Kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokuthola ithusi kusuka ore, futhi ngamunye wabo inqubo kwenzeka ezinyathelweni eziningana.

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, iphuzu eliphansi lokuthungatha ithusi lenza ukuthi likwazi ukuliphumelela ngempumelelo ngisho nasesiteji sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwempucuko. Futhi kufanele sikhokhele ama-metallurgist yasendulo, bathole izinketho zokuthola nokusebenzisa hhayi nje ithusi elihlanzekile, kodwa futhi nama-alloys alo. Ukuqhakazila ukuguqulwa kwensimbi kusuka esimweni esiqinile kuya esimweni segazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kusetshenziselwa ukufudumala, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuthungatha ithusi lenza ukuba kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukusebenza okunjalo.

Khona-ke, i-tin yanezelwa ethempelini eliketshezi noma ukunciphisa kwenziwa kusuka ku- cassiterite (i- tin-containing ore ) endaweni yethusi. Ngenxa yalokho, bathola ubhedu, banamandla kuneComprum futhi basebenzisa izikhali. Kodwa-ke, manje ngingathanda ukuhlala ngokuningiliziwe ekusebenzeni kokuqhaqhazela, okuvumela ukuthola izinto ezihlanzekile ngokwanele kusuka ku-ore.

Iphuzu lokucibilika kwensimbi ngayinye lihlukile futhi kuncike ekubeni khona kokungcola ekubunjweni kwento yokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ithusi, elingu-1083 ° C, ngemva kokufakwa kwe-tin yenziwe ngethusi, eyancibilika ekushiseni kuka-930-1140 ° C, kuye ngokuqukethwe kwe-tin. I-Brass, i-alloy yethusi ne-zinc, inendawo yokuqubuka ka-900-1050 ° C.

Phakathi nokushisa kwensimbi, i-crystal lattice ibhujiswa. Ekuqaleni, njengoba izinga lokushisa livutha, izinga lokushisa liphakama, bese-ke, kusukela ekubalukeni okuthile, lihlala lihlala njalo, nakuba ukushisa kuqhubeka. Kulo mzuzu, ukuqubuka kwenzeka. Lokhu kuqhubeka isikhathi sonke kuze kube yilapho yonke insimbi iyancibilika, futhi kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa lizoqala ukuphakama. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuwo wonke ama-metal, iphuzu lokuthungatha nethusi alishintshi.

Uma selehlile, isithombe sishintshwashintsha: okokuqala izinga lokushisa liyehla kuze kube yilapho ukuqina kwensimbi kuqala, bese kugcina njalo futhi, ngemuva kokuqina kanzima kwensimbi, iqala ukwehla futhi. Lokhu ukuziphatha kwensimbi, uma kuboniswa egrafu, kubizwa ngokuthi umdwebo wesigaba obonisa isimo sezinto endaweni yokushisa okukhethekile. Kwabesosayensi, umdwebo wesigaba ungenye yamathuluzi okutadisha ukuziphatha kwezinsimbi ngenkathi kuqubuka.

Uma siqhubeka sishisa insimbi encibilikisiwe, khona-ke lapho kusetshenzwa khona izinga lokushisa inqubo efana nokubilisa kuqala. Ngakho, iphuzu lokubilisa lethusi lingama-2560 ° C. Le nqubo yabizwa ngokuthi ibhekene nendawo yangaphandle nokubilisa okuketshezi, lapho ama-bubbles wegesi eqala ukuphuma kuwo. Into efanayo eyenzeka ngensimbi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokushisa okuphakeme ngokwanele, i-carbon eyenziwe ngenkathi i-oxidation yayo iqala ukuphuma ensimbi yensimbi.

Kulesi sihloko inqubo yokucubungula izinsimbi kubhekwa, umqondo wokushisa okuqhakazile, ukuziphatha kwayo ekucubunguleni kuhlongozwa. Kuchazwa ukuthi izinga eliphansi lokuthungatha lithemba kangakanani ekuthuthukiseni impucuko kanye ne-metallurgy.

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