Isifo somdlavuza wesikhumba: incazelo, izimbangela, izifo zokuxilonga kanye nokwelapha

Isifo esibi, njengomdlavuza, sisanda kufana. Imithi yanamuhla izama ukuthola izidakamizwa ezingavimbela izifo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, kuze kube manje, akukho zindlela ezithuthukile azihlinzeki ngokugcwele izimpikiswano eziyikhulu zamaphesenti okuphulukisa. Umdlavuza we-Lung uvame ukuqhuma. Ngokwezibalo, i-oncology enjalo ithinta amadoda amaningi.

Incazelo ye-pathology

Umdlavuza we-Lung yi-neoplasm ejwayelekile kakhulu. Lesi sifo sihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zezifo.

Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zokukhubazeka:

• Iseli elincane;
• Inqwaba encane;
• I-Squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu;
• Adenocarcinoma.

Lezi zifo ziyahlukahluka kwisakhiwo, izinga lokusabalala, izinga lokuqhubeka. Kulezi zifo ezingenhla ezingokwemvelo, ezimweni eziningi, umdlavuza we-cell wamaphaphu. Ngakho odokotela bathi. I-pathology ivela kuma cell flat of tissue epithelial.

Isimbangela yi- carcinogens. Lezi yizici zemvelo kanye namanye amakhemikhali afaka emzimbeni womuntu ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, kulabo ababhemayo kakhulu, izakhamuzi zasemizini enomoya ongcolile, abantu abasebenza ezimboni ezinobungozi, ingozi yezifo iphezulu.

I-neoplasm ebulalayo ikhula kanjani? Ingqimba yamangqamuzana engqamuzana engxenyeni ye-bronchi igcwele kakhulu i-cilia. Basiza ukuphuma phlegm ngenkathi behamba. Izinto ezibhubhisayo, ukungena ohlelweni lokuphefumula, zifakazela ekubhujisweni kwe-cilia. Esikhundleni sabo, amangqamuzana amancane amathisamu e-epithelial akhula. Ukunikezwa akukwazi ukukhipha. Ngenxa yalokho, i-sputum stasis iqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mucus nayo ixhunyaniswe namakhemikhali ayingozi. Lokhu kudala imvelo enhle yokwakheka kwama-neoplasms.

Izimbangela nezimbangela ezibangela lesi sifo

Ake sihlolisise ukuthi kungani umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhlambalaza.

Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuvela kwezimo eziphuzayo ezimbi emzimbeni wokuphefumula yizi:

1. Izifo ezingapheli nezezinkinga. Izinqubo zokuvuvukala ku-bronchi yi-bronchitis. Izifo ezibangelwa i-microbacteria yesifo sofuba. Enhliziyweni yentuthuko ye-oncology kungaba ukuvuvukala njalo kwamapayipi.
2. I-genetic factor. Ukugula kubhekwa njengefa uma okungenani abantu abathathu bebegula emndenini.
3. Izici zobudala. Ngokujwayelekile, ukukhubazeka kuvela kubantu emva kweminyaka engama-60.
4. Izifo zesimiso se-endocrine.
5. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo emabhizinisini anobungozi.
6. Ukubhema. Lo mkhuba wabantu abaningi, cishe iyimbangela enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukuthi umuntu obhemayo unamathuba angaphezu kuka-30 okugula kunomuntu olahla ugwayi kubonakala. Uma kuvuselela ukubhema ugwayi emanzini, izinto ezingaba ngu-4 000 eziyingozi zixazulula. Bangakwazi ukubulala amaseli enempilo. Futhi ukubhema okulimazayo nokungahambi.
7. Izindawo zokuhlala kule ndawo zonakaliswe izinto ezinomsakazo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesifo

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezehlukene ze-squamous cell cell neoplasm eyingozi.

Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuvamile:

1. I-squamous keratinized (differentiated) umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kubonakala ekwakheni amangqamuzana e-keratin. Lesi simo sihlukile ekubunjweni kwezinto okuthiwa amapharele. Uma lesi sifo sitholakala ezinyathelweni zokuqala, sinesiqiniseko sokwelapha kahle. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela eyingozi yesifo.
2. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ongenakulinganiswa (ongenayo imfucuza). Leli fomu libhekene nokutholakala kwe-mitosis ne-cell polymorphism. Ezinye zazo zingaqukatha i-keratin. Lolu hlobo lwesifo luhlobo olubi kakhulu. Kwenzeka ngamacala angu-65%. Vumela kuleli fomu, ikakhulukazi amadoda amadala kuneminyaka engama-40. Ngokuba ukukhubazeka kubonakala ngokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo. Ngokushesha kakhulu kunamathemasi. Bangena emagqabeni omzimba wempande yamaphaphu, kuthinta izicubu zethambo, isibindi nobuchopho. Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa okunjalo okusheshayo ekutholeni isifo isiguli esivele sinezibalo zokugaya izidakamizwa.
3. Imfundo ehluke kakhulu. Amaseli ahlambalaza anemikhawulo enjalo ahlukaniswa ngendawo ngokuhlukile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni. Ingozi yokuhlukumeza kabi iphezulu. Ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-adenocarcinoma. Ama-metastase ayathinta izimbungulu zesibindi, ubuchopho kanye nezidakamizwa. Ukuncintisana kokuxilongwa kunikeza izibikezelo ezidumazayo. Uma isifo sitholakala ezinyathelweni zakuqala, ukwelapha kuzohlinzeka ngemiphumela emihle.

Kuye ngezici zesimo sokuhlukanisa ukuhlukanisa:

1. Central squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu. Lesi sifo sibonakala cishe ku-2/3 kweziguli. Ibonakala ngokunqotshwa kwe-bronchi enkulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kungathinta ngisho ne-trachea.
2. I-Peripheral. Kungaba i-squamous cell carcinoma yesiphahla lesokunxele noma kwesokudla. Lolu hlobo lwenzeka ngamacala angu-3%. Ngokujwayelekile, isifo esinjalo senziwa ngaphandle kwempawu. Ezingxenyeni ezilula akukho ukuphela okubuhlungu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhula angeke kwande. Khona-ke kuthinta ama-bronchi nezitho eziseduze. Kukhona ukuphuma. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iphaphu elilungile lingase libhekane nalesi sifo, ngokuphathelene nezici zomzimba.

Ngokuvamile zikhona izinhlobo zama-atypical zomdlavuza:

• Kusakazwa;
• Izidakamizwa.

Izimpawu zesifo

Umdlavuza wesifo somdlavuza ungasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokubonisa izimpawu. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukuxilongwa okufika ngesikhathi.

Ngoba lesi sifo sibonakala izimpawu ezinjalo:

1. Emile, ngokuvamile ehamba emkhunjini omanzi, omude. Esikhathini esizayo, kungase kube khona ukubona. Bakhombisa ukucasuka kokuphela kwe-bronchus ne-tumor. Ukuhlahlela i-sputum kuhambisane nokuphunga okungajabulisi nokungcola kwe-pus.
2. Ukuvela kwe-pneumonia njalo ne-pleurisy.
3. Nge-larynx ethintekile, kubonakala sengathi kukhona ukudumazeka nokudumazeka. Ngezinye izikhathi izwi liyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Lesi sibonakaliso sibonakala nge-scamous neoplasm e-squamous.
4. Ukuzwa ukungabi nomoya. I-Atelectasis iqala. Kukhona ukuphefumula okuncane okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwamapayipi amaphaphu.
5. Ukukhathala, ukwehlisa ukusebenza kahle.
6. Iminwe ibe yinto engavamile.
7. Ukuncipha kwesisindo.
8. Uvame futhi uqine, unike enhliziyweni, izandla, emuva, ubuhlungu. Lesi sibonakaliso siyisici ekugcineni kwesifo.

Izigaba ze-pathology

Ukuqhubeka kwesifo kuhlukaniswe izinga lokuqhubekela phambili.

Kunezifo ezifana ne-squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu, izigaba ezine:

1. Ubukhulu be-tumor abukho ngaphezu kuka-3 cm. Awekho ama-metastases.
2. Ubukhulu bokubunjwa bungaphezu kuka-3 cm. Isihlungu singahluma ngaphakathi kwe-pleura. I-certainhectasis yenani elithile liyabonakala.
3. I-neoplasm ihlanganisa izicubu eziseduze. I-Atelectasis idlulisela kuwo wonke amaphaphu. I-Metastase ithinta ama-lymph nodes.
4. I-tumor ikhula ibe izitho ezinkulu ezizungezile (inhliziyo, izitsha).

Ukuxilongwa kwesifo

Kunzima ukubona i-squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu. Phela, lesi sifo sinesifo esifanayo nezifo eziningi zesimiso sokuphefumula, njenge-pneumonia, isifo sofuba, ama-abscesses. Lesi yisisusa esiyinhloko sokuthi lesi sifo sitholakale kuphela ezigabeni zokugcina.

Uma isiguli sisolwa ngalezi zifo, zithunyelwa ekuhlolweni okunjalo:

• I-fluorography;
• Imidwebo yemifanekiso;
• I-X-ray tomography elayishiwe;
• I-CT;
• I-bronchoscopy;
• Abaqaphi bohlobo lwe-CYFRA, i-SSC;
• I-Thoracoscopy (lapho i-biopsy ithathwa khona).

Ukuxilongwa kwesifo kudinga indlela ehlelekile. I-tumor ebulalayo ingazifihla ezinye izifo.

Ukwelashwa kwesifo

Ukwelashwa kweziguli ezitholakala nge-squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningana:

• I-Chemical;
• I-Beam;
• Ukuhlinzwa.

Yiqiniso, udokotela kuphela ongakhetha kahle amaqhinga adingekayo ukuze alwe ne-oncology. Esimeni ngasinye, imithi yokwelashwa yomuntu ngamunye inqunywe.

Imiphumela emihle etholakala ngokuphathwa, lapho izindlela ezingenhla zihlanganisa.

Indlela yokuhlinzwa

Ukungenelela kwe-Instrumental noma okuhlinzayo kuyindlela yokwelashwa enokwethenjelwa futhi eyisisekelo. Imiphumela emihle inikezwa indlela yokuhlinzeka, uma kwenziwa esiteji sokuqala.

Noma kunjalo, ukuhlinzwa kunamanani amaningi okungahambisani nawo:

• Imfundo ithinta umphimbo,
• Ngokweqile kwe-renal ne-hepatic,
• Ngemuva kwe-infarction yamuva ye-myocardial.

I-Chemotherapy

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wesifo samangqamuzana wamaphaphu ngosizo lwemithi yesimanje kwandisa amathuba okuthola ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezine.

Kodwa, ngeshwa, akuwona wonke amangqamuzana omdlavuza onokuzwela kwezidakamizwa zokuphikisa.

Ukwelashwa kwamafutha

Indlela yokwelapha nge-radiation ionizing. Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kuboniswa iziguli ezingakwazi ukuhlinzwa.

Le ndlela yokwelapha ivame ukuqhutshwa ngezigaba 3-4 zesifo. Iziguli ezingama-40% kuphela ezingavimbela ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-neoplasm. Ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle, indlela yokusebenzisa imisebe isetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa ne-chemotherapy.

Isibikezelo

Yini okufanele ngiyilinde isiguli esine-squamous cell carcinoma yamaphaphu?

Isibikezelo sincike ezintweni eziningi, phakathi kwazo:

• Isiteji sokuqhubeka;
• Izici zomuntu ngamunye zenyama;
• Ubuchwepheshe bokudokotela;
• Ukusekelwa kwemithi.

Uma i-tumor itholakale ngezigaba 1 noma 2, azikho izidakamizwa, noma kukhona amacala angashadile kuma-lymph nodes, futhi ukwakheka okusha ngokwayo akudluli ku-3-5 cm, ukubikezela kuhluke kakhulu. Ukusinda kwalezi ziguli kungu-80%.

Isibikezelo esibi kakhulu kweziguli eziye zaveza isigaba 3. Isilinganiso sokusinda sincishisiwe sibe ngu-25%.

Ezingxenyeni ezine zokuqhubeka, ukuphawula kweso kudumazayo. Kodwa-ke, ngosizo lwe-palliative therapy, ikhwalithi yokuphila yesiguli ingathuthukiswa kakhulu.