Imfundo:Imfundo yesikole kanye nezikole

Isigaba: Amadolobha aseKazakhstan. Amadolobha amakhulu aseKazakhstan. Amadolobha aseKazakhstan - uhlu

I-Kazakhstan lizwe elikhulu, ukuziqhenya okuyinhloko yizintambo nama-nomads. Kodwa akukhona konke. E-republic ekhangayo enjalo kubahambi, kunemvelo enhle ngezindawo ezihlukahlukene nezindawo ezimangalisayo ezithwala ukunethezeka kwesentshonalanga kanye nokuthula okumpumalanga.

Izakhiwo zabo zinezinsuku zesimanje nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nazo zakudala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyinto engavamile yenkambiso yase-Asia, ngokugcina ngokucophelela amasiko endulo.

Umlando

Idatha yokuqala kakhulu emadolobheni aseKazakhstan abuyele emuva ekhulwini lesithupha. Ekuqaleni, izindawo ezinkulu zezwe zazikhona esigodini esithobile seSy Darya naseSemirechye. Imivubukulo eningizimu yeKazakhstan yembula izinsalela zemidolobha yasendulo eyakhiwe ngekhulu lesithupha nelesishiyagalolunye.

Insimu eyinhloko yesifunda se-steppe yayikhiwe ngamadonads. Ngabantu bendawo, ubuhlobo babo babunzima kakhulu. Kwabahlali abaningi abahlala ezindaweni zokuhweba kwakuyizindawo zokuhweba, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babevame ukuwahlasela.

Ezweni kunezinye izindawo ezingaziqhayisa ngezikhathi zazo zakudala. Lezi zihlanganisa imizi enjalo yaseKazakhstan njengeTaraz, isi-Turkestan neShymkent.

Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, izindawo zokuqala zaseRussia zavela ezweni. Lona yiGuryev nedolobha laseYaitsky. Kancane kancane ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu kwafika ikoloni yaseRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizi eminingi yasungulwa, iningi layo lingatholakala ebalazweni lesimanje lezwe.

Ekhulwini lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwemali yokuqhuba izimayini kwenziwa eKazakhstan. Mayelana nalokhu kusebenza inqwaba yamadolobha wamanje asuka.

Izindawo Zokuphatha

Kunezifunda ezingu-14 eKazakhstan. Kukhona imizi engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha phakathi kwabo. Lokhu kufaka hlangana amagugu wokubaluleka kwezwe. Zikhona ezimbili zazo - i-Almaty ne-Astana. Imizi emikhulu yaseKazakhstan yiShymkent, i-Almaty, iCaraganda kanti-ke, i-Astana. Ezweni kunezifunda eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili kanye nemizi eyikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nane.

Imizi yaseKazakhstan, echazwe ngezansi, yizona izikhungo zezifunda zezwe:

  1. I-Ust-Kamenogorsk (esifundeni saseMpumalanga Kazakhstan).
  2. Taraz (esifundeni saseZhambyl).
  3. I-Karaganda (isifunda saseKaraganda).
  4. Aktobe (esifundeni sase-Aktobe).
  5. I-Taldykorgan (isifunda sase-Almaty).
  6. Kyzylorda (esifundeni saseKyzylorda).
  7. I-Kostanay (isifunda saseKostanay).
  8. I-Pavlodar (esifundeni sasePavlodar).
  9. IsiShymkent (esifundeni saseNingizimu-Kazakh).
  10. I-Uralsk (esifundeni saseNtshonalanga-Kazakh).
  11. I-Petropavlovsk (esifundeni saseNyakatho-Kazakh).
  12. I-Kokshetau (isifunda sase-Akmola)
  13. Aktau (esifundeni saseMangistau).
  14. I-Atyrau (isifunda sase-Atyrau).

Idolobha elinenani elikhulu lamaRiphabhuliki nalo liyiBaikonur. Nansi indawo eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke eyaziwa ngokuthi i-spaceport, ehlanganisa ukuqashwa kweRussia kuya eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili namashumi ayisihlanu.

Inhloko-dolobha

Ngamashumi ayishumi nje kuphela, i-Astana isiye idolobha elihle nelesimanje. Inhloko-dolobha encane yaseKazakhstan ekwakhiweni kwayo ayiyona ephansi kwamanye amazwe amakhulu adumile emhlabeni wonke. Isakhiwo ngasinye esakhiwe lapha senziwa ngesitayela sase-Eurasian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, konke kuyizinto zangempela zobuciko. I-Astana iyimpawu ehloniphekile yokuzimela kwezomnotho nezombusazwe eKazakhstan. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezweni libhekwa ngokufanele phakathi nendawo yokuphila kwamasiko nezenhlalakahle.

Inhloko-dolobha yaseKazakhstan ingxenyeni yayo enyakatho. Yakhelwe eduze noMfula iNor, ogwini lwase-Ishim River. Le ndawo iye yakhanga izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni isikhathi eside, njengoba kwakunezingxenyana zemigwaqo yendiza. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomuzi wanamuhla, abavubukuli bathole ubufakazi bokuhlala behlala eBronze Age, i-Iron Age, ne-Middle Ages.

Idolobha ngokwayo yasungulwa ngo-1830. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungaphandle kweCospack. Umsunguli we-Astana nguColonel F. Shubin. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, inqaba yaqala ukwandisa edolobheni. Futhi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, u-Akmola wayeyisikhungo esibalulekile sezwe sonke sezwe. Kusukela ngo-1961 idolobha liye laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iTselinograd. Kusukela ngo-1992 waba ngu-Akmola. Kusukela ngo-1998 - i-Astana. Ngokusemthethweni, inhloko-dolobha yaseKazakhstan yaba idolobha ngoDisemba 10, 1997. Kuze kube manje , i-Astana ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye. Lona idolobha elikhulu kuleli zwe.

Emva kokuthola isimo senhloko-dolobha yomkhakha okhethekile wezomnotho, inani elikhulu lamaphrojekthi okuhlela idolobha laqala ukugcwaliseka e-Astana. Abantu banda futhi. Uma ngo-1996 kwakukhona abantu abangu-270 000 edolobheni, ngo-2006 lesi sibalo sifike ngamakhulu ayisithupha.

Ngokwesinqumo se-UNESCO, esamukelwa ngo-1999, i-Astana ibizwa ngokuthi "idolobha lomhlaba".

I-Alma-Ata

Kulolu hlu, olubandakanya amadolobha amakhulu eKazakhstan, inhloko-dolobha yezwe ayiyona indawo yokuqala. Kungaphambi kwe-Alma-Ata. Kusukela ngo-1927, kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yezwe. Naphezu kokudluliselwa kwesimo sawo ku-Astana, idolobha lihlala liwukuphela komkhandlu omkhulu wesifundazwe, lapho izakhamizi ezingaphezu kwesigidi zihlala khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Alma-Ata yikhungo sezezimali, sezomnotho kanye namasiko.

Idolobha lihlala esifundeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan, ngasezintabeni zakwaZailiysky Alatau. Isimo sezulu kule ndawo sincane kakhulu.

Idolobha elikhulu laseKazakhstan liphakathi nendawo yezwekazi lase-Eurasia. Kufanelekile ukuthi uVladivostok noGagry basendaweni efanayo. Izakhiwo nezakhiwo ze-Alma-Ata zitholakala ekuphakameni kwamakhulu ayisithupha kuya kweyodwa ngamakhulu ayisithupha namamitha amahlanu namashumi amahlanu ngaphezu kolwandle.

Isimo sezulu kulo lonke umuzi sibonakala ukushintsha okukhulu emazingeni okushisa nsuku zonke nangonyaka. Izindlu ezisenyakatho zenyakatho ziya esiteshini esishisayo, kanti abaseNingizimu basuke benomuzwa wokuphefumula kwama-glaciers.

I-Karaganda

Amadolobha aseKazakhstan asezindaweni eziphambili zezokuphatha-zendawo ayingxenye yesifunda saseKaraganda. Itholakala maphakathi nezwe lase-Eurasian. Inhloko-dolobha yesifunda idolobha laseKaraganda. Kuyindawo enkulu yezimboni-ezimbonini, ezamasiko nezesayense. Isibalo salo ngo-2006 sasingabantu abangaba ngu-452 000. Ngomumo wabakhile idolobha lithatha indawo yesine ezweni.

I-Karaganda iyisikhungo esikhulu sesifunda esisendaweni engamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisihlanu. Idolobha lisebenzisa amabhizinisi amaningi ekwakhiweni komshini, imboni yokudla kanye nokucutshungulwa kwensimbi, kanye nokumbiwa kwamalahle. Ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye nokuxhumana kuthuthukiswa lapha.

Ekuhambeni kwesifunda kukhona imizi elishumi nanye. Owesibini ngemuva kwe-Karaganda ngobukhulu iTemirtau. Amanye amadolobha aseKazakhstan, aphakathi nensimu yawo, yiBalkhash noZhezkazgan, uSatpayev noShakhtinsk, uPoozersk noSaran, kanye no-Abay. Idolobha elidala kunazo zonke esifundeni nguKarkaralinsk. Yayisungulwa njengesibhamu sezempi ngo-1824.

Ngokuqondene nesimo sezulu, esifundeni saseKaraganda sinomlingiswa obala kakhulu we-continental. Izimvula lapha zinzima, kanti ihlobo lihle kakhulu. Inani lonyaka lemvula lingenasidingo. Ehlobo, izimila, njengombuso, ziyashisa, futhi iziphepho zasebusika ziqeda yonke imigwaqo. Ngentwasahlobo, iqhwa liyancibilika, liphendukele ama-rivulets nemifula ibe yimifudlana enzima.

I-Shymkent

Kulolu hlu, olubandakanya amadolobha amakhulu eRiphabhuliki yaseKazakhstan. I-Shymken iyisikhungo sendawo esifundeni saseNingizimu-Kazakhstan. Yilokho

Idolobha lanamuhla. Ihlala abantu abangaphezu kwesigamu sezigidi. I-Shymkent akuyona nje idolobha elikhulu lesithathu kunazo zonke ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisikhungo esikhulu samasiko, ezokuhweba kanye nezimboni. Amabhizinisi angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye okwakhiwa komshini, ubuchwepheshe obungenalutho, ukudla, ukuhlanzwa kwamafutha, kanye nomkhakha wamakhemikhali akhona lapha.

Ust-Kamenogorsk

Iyinhloko-dolobha yesifunda sase-East Kazakhstan, emngceleni weChina neRussia. Idolobha liyi-hub elikhulu kunazo zonke zokuthutha nezimboni phakathi kwezindawo ze-Altai Mountains. Usuku lwesisekelo luyi-1720, lapho ukwakhiwa kwenqaba yokuzivikela kwaqala lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imifula Ulba no-Irtysh. Ezikhathini zangaphambili u-Ust-Kamenogorsk wabizwa ngokuthi yiyindlela eya entabeni yase-Altai, ngoba zonke izinkambo eziya ezintabeni zadlula kulo.

Njengamanje yisikhungo esikhulu se-metallurgical yezwe. Lapha ukukhiqizwa kwe-cadmium nesiliva, igolide ne-gallium kunwetshiwe. Idolobha liye lahlakulela imboni yokukhanya, yokudla nokuthungatha. Isebenza ku-Ust-Kamenogorsk factory eyenza isilikhi.

Imizi yasempumalanga yeKazakhstan, futhi kunezinkulungwane eziyishumi zazo, zihlala eKazakhs naseRussia. Owesibini ngobukhulu ngemva kwe-Ust-Kamenogorsk yi-Semipalatinsk. Isebenza futhi esifundeni saseMpumalanga Kazakhstan. Umuzi wasungulwa ngo-1718. Ekuqaleni wawuyinqaba yokuzivikela. USemey (Semipalatinsk) wayenani eliphezulu lokuhweba. Ngokudlula imizila yezinqola, eya eRussia esuka eMongolia, naseCentral Asia esuka eSiberia. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, uSemei usebe umthamo obalulekile e-Irtysh onokuhamba okuthuthukisiwe. E-Semipalatinsk, ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zabathengi kuthuthukiswa. Izintambo zikagesi, izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, kanye nemishini ehlukahlukene, izinsimbi namathuluzi akhiqizwa lapha.

I-Uralsk

Lesi yisikhungo sokuphatha se-West Kazakhstan esifundeni. Itholakala ethafeni elihle kakhulu. Eduzane nomzana ugeleza uMfula iDerkud, okuyinto eyi-tributary efanele ye-Chagan. Idolobha lase-Uralsk (Kazakhstan) lihlukile endaweni yalo. Lapha kukhona umngcele ongabonakali we-Asia neYurophu.

Usuku lokusekwa kwedolobha laliyi-1613. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukuhlala kweCoss kuleyo ndawo.

Njengamanje, indawo yedolobha nazo zonke izindawo ezisemadolobheni - ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane. Ubude besikhungo sesifunda kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu yi-8, futhi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - amakhilomitha ayishumi nambili. Inani labantu base-Uralsk kusukela ngo-2009 kwaba ngabantu abangu-211 abayizinkulungwane. Phakathi kwazo kukhona amaKazakh namaRashiya, amaTatars nama-Ukrainians, amaByelorussia namaJalimane, kanye nezinye izizwe.

Uma sibala amadolobha aseKazakhstan, okuyizikhungo zezimboni, zomlando nezamasiko ze-republic, khona-ke u-Uralsk kufanele abekwe phakathi kwabo. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho kuye kwaqinisa kakhulu futhi isabelo semikhiqizo yezimboni senyukile. Lokhu kuhlinzekwa yi-field oil and gas condensate field yenkundla yeKarachaganak esekhilomitha eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu ukusuka edolobheni.

Izimboni eziningi zihileleke embonini ye-Uralsk. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukwakha kwamandla nomshini, ufulawa-ukugaya kanye nokudla. Imbonini yezinto zokukhanya nezokuklama ithuthukiswe lapha.

Petropavlovsk

Lo muzi uyisikhungo sokuphatha esifundeni saseNyakatho-Kazakhstan. Usuku lwesisekelo ngu-1752. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi inqaba yaseSt. Peter yabekwa endaweni yesimo samanje iPetropavlovsk.

Namuhla uyilungu lomhlangano wezizwe ezinkulu namadolobha amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idolobha lasePetropavlovsk (Kazakhstan) - umnikazi wezikhulu ezintathu zomncintiswano wemidolobha engcono kakhulu yeCIS.

Esigungwini sesifunda kunamabhizinisi ayisishiyagalolunye okuthutha, kukhona izinhlangano eziyishumi nesikhombisa zenhlangano yamasiko, aqeqesha abafundi base-State University. M. Kozybaev.

I-Ore

Ehlobo lika-1954, uhulumeni wase-USSR wanquma ukuqala ukwakhiwa kwemayini ye-Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky kanye nokuqhutshwa kwamabhizinisi. Ngakho waqala indaba kaRudny. Idolobha lavela ngo-1957 ogwini lwaseTobol ensimini yeTurgai plateau. I-steppe engapheli ilulaza nxazonke.

Idolobha libukeka liyi-Surganov yomshayeli. Lapho ewela ipheshana likaSarbai ngo-1949, waqaphela ukuziphatha okungavamile kwekhampasi yakhe. Ngemva kwesikhashana, izazi ze-geologists kanye nama-géographers athunyelwe lapha. Ngakho, insimu yaseSokolovskoye yatholwa. Idolobha likaRudny (Kazakhstan) lakhiwa ngokushesha. Ngo-1959 wanikwa isimo somuzi.

Izindawo ezincane

Imizi yaseKazakhstan enabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu abantu ababizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi amancane. Kulezi zindawo, iminyango engamashumi amane nanye iyisikhungo sokuphatha esifundeni esifanele. Ezinye azikho. Phakathi kwabo kukhona iTemir no-Stepnogorsk, iGem no-Emba, iTekeli noKapchagai, uCharsk noSerebryansk, iShakhtinsk no-Priozersk, i-Kurchatov neSaran, i-Lisakovsk neKarazhal, i-Arkalyk ne-Aksu, i-Shu ne-Kazalinsk.

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