Isitshalo systematics

Systematics eziphilayo iye ukutadisha ukwehluka kwezinhlobo. Ngu imisebenzi yayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ngezigaba kanye ukuhlonza.

Plant systematics elihlobene ne ukuthuthukiswa wezitshalo. Usosayensi wokuqala osebenzise ngezigaba kwaba uTheophrastus. Wahlukanisa izitshalo etshanini, nezihlahla, kwezihlahla notshani. izifundo Okwalandela Kwakuseshwa ngesikhathi Yempucuko. Nakuba Albert Veliky waphawula umehluko phakathi dicots futhi monocots. Ukwahlukaniswa yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo-1583, unyaka. Systematics izitshalo adalwe Italian Chezalpino, yayisekelwe umsebenzi uTheophrastus kulekelelwa ngokuvumelana izici isakhiwo izithelo nembewu ( "Izitho zokuzala"). Nokho, Chezalpino eyabiwe ngayo, siphinde ulwelwe Izinhlobo wona, isikhunta. Wasezinikela labizwa ngokuthi "izitshalo seedless."

Ngemva kwalokho baqala ukuvela nezigaba taxonomic. Ngo 1689, isazi sezitshalo French Magnol wethula isigaba "umndeni", futhi kamuva, ngo-1693, uJohn Ray esethula umqondo "kwezinhlobo", futhi 1700 Tournefort -. Igama elithi "uhlanga". Plant systematics ka Tournefort sasekelwa ngenxa alula. Yayisekelwe kuyi- isakhiwo imbali. Ray baphakamise ngezigaba lemvelo. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba nzima - ibeke ukwehlukana monocots futhi dicots.

Nokho, ukuqashelwa enkulu, uthole i ngezigaba yokufakelwa noKarla Linneya. uhlelo yakhe ezihlongozwayo yanyatheliswa ngo 1735. "I zezimila» ( «General Plantarum») e oshicilelweni lokuqala. Ukwahlukaniswa Onomusa walala inombolo begodu nesakhiwo stamens, ukusatshalaliswa izimbali gay. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka isigaba amabili nane. Amabili nantathu zihlanganisa izimila eziveza imbewu, futhi efunda ibanga th 24 kufakwe Izinhlobo wona, ulwelwe nesikhunta. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Onomusa alimazanga kusihlwa "umkhaya" umqondo, taxonomy yayo izitshalo zase ngesikhathi esikahle kakhulu ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo. Kanye uhlelo usosayensi ngokwahlukana ezihlongozwayo isicelo ngesilwane esifuywayo kanambambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwencazelo "taxonomy" laqanjwa Onomusa ke.

Ngo 1764, uhlelo olusha lakhiwe. Umbhali wayo kwaba Adanson. Ngesisekelo usosayensi isimiso sakhe ukubeka inani elikhulu izici ezahlukene. Okubaluleke ngendlela efanayo kwaba ngezigaba ehlongozwayo 1789 Jussieu. Sezitshalo ihlukaniswe zonke izitshalo ku amakilasi nanhlanu, ngaphakathi okuyinto ngamnyama nekhulu le "ukuze yemvelo", okuyinto incazelo yegama.

Ngo nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, sandile de Candolle uhlelo. Lwakhiwe ngo-1819. Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba zindawo ezimbili: izitshalo amaselula kanye semithambo. Ngemva kwalokho, izazi zezitshalo zaqala ukusola abaningi baye bazama ukuthuthukisa uhlelo de Candolle. Ngakho, Brown, usosayensi waseBrithani, akhonjwe umehluko phakathi angiosperms futhi gymnosperms.

taxonomy Wanamuhla izitshalo. Izibonelo ngeengaba.

Ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo yesimanje ka Ukwahlukaniswa izitshalo waqala ngemuva kokushicilelwa ngo-1859, umsebenzi ngonyaka kaDarwin "On the Origin of Species."

Braun, umcwaningi isiJalimane, nokusebenzela intuthuko yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. ngezigaba yakhe yayisekelwe encwadini isakhiwo kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase imbali. uhlelo Ukuntuleka osengowakwa-Engler. Wasikisela esigabeni eklanyelwe izigaba nokubeletha, wasikisela ngemvelaphi angiosperms. Osengowakwa-Engler uhlelo yasetshenziselwa emhlabeni yesayensi kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-21 leminyaka th.

Wettstein (sezitshalo Austria) ngcono lokhu ngezigaba. abacwaningi ababili (osengowakwa-Engler futhi Wettstein) systematized kanye ulwelwe. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa abashintsha kamuva Pasher.

Ngokomlando, isitshalo sehlukaniswe engenhla nengezansi yakhe. Ukuthuthukiswa ngeengaba sigameko kuphinde kwenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi uhlelo of ephakeme izitshalo ethulwa ngokuhambisana amagama abacwaningi: Cronquist uhlelo Bessy, cupronickel, njll ..