KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Ithonya uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kwamalungelo esintu kanye phezu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Igama elithi "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli" yethulwa yi Isazi Austria futhi sokuma Eduard Eossom e 1875. Ngokwezwi nezwi elihunyushwe, kwakusho emkhakheni wokuphila. Nokho, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba le nkathi Biosphere inikezwe Izihloko. Ubethula kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi "isithombe imvelo," "Isikhala ophilayo", "ikhava bukhoma" nokunye. N. Okuqukethwe lo mqondo ukuthi zibhekisiswe zemvelo eziningi.

Umlando ekutadisheni uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "isithombe imvelo" nokunye okunjalo kwasho iqoqo labo eziphilayo ezihlala kule planethi yethu. Kodwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo JB Lamarck (1744-1829 GG.) Umbono Revolutionary wafakwa phambili. Waphawula ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zinendima ethile omkhulu kumiswa ungqimba lomhlaba. Lamarck wagcizelela ukuthi labo izinto zazo azifaka kuwo, kuye kwamiswa ngenxa umsebenzi eziphilayo.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, umqondo wokuthi phakathi Animate nemvelo ezingaphili, kukhona ubuhlobo obuseduze kanye neqiniso lokuthi bonke eziphilayo liveze imiphumela phezu ezizungezile zamakhemikhali, Geological futhi izici ezingokomzimba, ngokuya walidla izingqondo ososayensi. Saba nomthelela kwezinye izinguquko ezenzeke indlela jikelele ekutadisheni nemvelo. ososayensi Yemvelo ziya ngokuya ngiqiniseka ukuthi izinqubo kanye izenzakalo ezenzeka e imvelo yomuntu, kubalulekile ukufunda emphakathini.

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-ayisithupha edlule, Academician V I. Vernadskim yaba isifundiso uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli we igobolondo eMhlabeni, okuyinto eyayihlala eziphilayo. Lokhu kancane ushintshe lisho ukuthini igama elithi. Manje welithi "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli" awasebenzi kuphela umzimba, kodwa futhi ku imvelo yabo.

isakhiwo

Kukholakala ukuthi indlela yokwakheka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli zihlanganisa:

  • izidakamizwa biogenic okubangelwa inqubo eziphilayo ezibalulekile (limestone, amalahle, yamagesi asemkhathini, njll ...);
  • ophilayo ndaba, okuyinto iqoqo eziphilayo;
  • ithambo izidakamizwa, eyabonakala ngaphandle ukubandakanywa iyiphi eziphilayo (lava mlilo, zilwane main, njll ...);
  • biokostnoe imfuyo ibe yi kuhlanganiswe abiogenous inhlabathi izinqubo kanye umsebenzi eziphilayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu futhi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Abantu kusukela buqala nethonya eliqondile imvelo yabo. Le nkathi ihlala engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-30-40. okubangelwa abantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni kuyinto isici yabantu.

Ukuqala zako wakhonza njengephayona yobudala stone, lapho kwaqondana nenkathi ka Uqweqwe. Ukuze bazigcine bephila, abantu kwadingeka yokuzingela izilwane ezinkulu ezifana enyakatho kanye nezinyamazane obomvu, mammoth ubhejane, ukuvakasha omkhulukazi, njll Ubufakazi leli qiniso - .. I amathambo ezilwane zasendle eziye zatholakala ososayensi kumasayithi lasendulo. okubangelwa abantu ukuvela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli in the Stone Age kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza sokubulala abantu abaningi bakwa-ezidla uhlaza ezinkulu. abazingeli ngenxa yokwehla kwenani labantu kwenani abaningi, kanye ukunyamalala ezinye izinhlobo zawo.

iminyaka eyinkulungwane 10-13 edlule, Ubudala Ice salandelwa ukufudumala abukhali. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukusakaza amahlathi, kwaba ukushabalala tilwane letinkhulu. Phakathi nale nkathi, ithonya uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli umuntu ngamunye lalibalulekile kakhulu. Ukushintsha kwezimo zemvelo futhi washintsha izimpilo zabantu. Uma lokhu zigoqiwe usumisiwe base ezomnotho zomphakathi wesintu. Abantu baye bathuthela isikhathi ezahlukene zentuthuko, eshiya zengqondo luyingxenye umthengi ebhodulukweni.

It kwaletha inkathi entsha itshe, lapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ne ukuzingela, ukudoba nokubuthanela amakhowe futhi amajikijolo sasikhula ukubaluleka inqubo yokuthi kukhiqizwa ukudla okungakanani. Ithonya uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; ngokuba abantu kancane kancane sehle. okwazanywa yokuzalanisa izitshalo futhi ukufuywa kwezilwane. Ukweseka lokhu ososayensi bathola wezokuHlaliswa kwaBantu kwesikhathi, okuyinto atholakele ukolweni, ibhali, nembumba. Kwakukhona amathambo ezifuywayo - izingulube nezimvu.

With ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu baqala ukuvela umnotho wokwelusa nakwezolimo. Kamuva, abantu basungula izidubedube. Kwathi ukuvela yokusansimbi.

Kule minyaka emibili amakhulu eminyaka nomthelela wezenzo zabantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli sekuyinto okukhulu ikakhulukazi. Lokhu lula intuthuko qualitative ekuthuthukiseni isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Namuhla, nomthelela wezenzo zabantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kuthathwe ngesilinganiso kwamaplanethi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kungazithinta nenkhulumombiko phezu kwemvelo obengeziwe ezungezile.

Umehluko phakathi abantu kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

wonke Isikhathi zomlando co-khona bemvelo umphakathi ungaboniswa ubunye Amathrendi ezimbili ezihlukene. Okokuqala, umthelela yezenzo zesintu isimo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ngokushesha futhi njalo uyanda ngenxa ukubusa yayo okwandayo phezu nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ushona njalo nokungezwani phakathi umphakathi kanye nemvelo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo

nomthelela wezenzo zabantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli sivezwe ikakhulukazi yokuthi wakhangwa izidingo emphakathini izingxenye ezinkulu Zomhlaba, ukuthola ubukhulu ezingasho izidubedube, okuyinto zihlukaniswe ongashi kanye exhaustible. Esokuqala kulezi libhekisela umoya, amaza olwandle kanye emisebeni yelanga. Lokhu sezulu, amanzi kanye isikhala imithombo. Ongashi kubhekwe njengento amanzi kanye nomoya. Nokho, izinto ezenziwa abantu ziye wenza isihlobo uzimisele ukwenza okufanayo. Ngakho, ngenxa yokungcola kubangelwa ezomnotho, amanzi kwezinye izindawo planethi ophasiswe esigabeni kusilela.

Okwamanje, kunemibandela izinsiza ongashi kuphela akunakubangelwa umoya-mpilo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amanzi ukubuyisela isimo odlule futhi emkhathini kumele waba nethonya elihle uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli womuntu. nokuqaliswa kwalo kungenzeka ngesimo ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza ngokwengeziwe emikhulu izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo.

Umthelela imisebenzi kwabantu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli lubonakaliswa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo exhaustible. Lezi zihlanganisa: inhlabathi okuzala, zezilwane nezimila, kanye namaminerali. Sebenzisa kubo izidingo bebodwa abantu baqala esikhathini Neolithic. Ekuqaleni, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ithusi negolide okuyigugu. Kamuva, baqala okwami kanye aphele netshe ahlukahlukene. Kulezi namaminerali okulungiselelwe ithini nomthofu kuphela, nesiliva, nethusi. Kuze kube manje, ukukhiqizwa umuntu izimboni isebenzisa iningi imikhando amaminerali eyaziwa, kanye lamafutha, amalahle kanye negesi. Ukuthuthukiswa wentuthuko engokwesayensi futhi lobuchwepheshe kuvula umphakathi wonke izinsimbi entsha izicelo-ayoni futhi ayoni, kanye ezihlukahlukene izinto okungezona metallic. ekwandiseni Ngakho ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa ongaphakeme-ebangeni imikhando, futhi nekwandzisa umtsamo uwoyela ekhiqizwa emithonjeni esisogwini olwandle.

Ukushintsha kwezomnotho zabantu izindawo eziningi kule planethi yethu. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, endaweni yabo liyakhula unyaka nonyaka. Ukukhula ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane umdlalo, inhlanzi izinsiza lezigodo.

ukungcola komoya

Njalo ngonyaka kule planethi liyakhula ukwanda kwabantu. Lokhu kwandisa futhi umthelela abantu emvelweni. Njengomthetho, imiphumela engemihle yawo wonke lo msebenzi ngowokuqala eqala uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. okubangelwa abantu imvelo angashintsha Phakathi kwekhulu has eside zaziwa izinqubo biogenic.

Omunye umphumela ukuthuthukiswa imboni kuyinto komoya. Lena kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile edolobheni, kanye ngaphakathi kwemboni nezifunda endaweni yokukhanda. Lapha, ukwanda emkhathini ngokucijile degree emakamu amagesi ayingozi. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba nomphumela reverse of the uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; ngokuba abantu. Okokuqala, lubonakaliswa ingozi ukuthi umoya ongcolile kumele impilo yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagesi ayingozi exhunywe umswakama emkhathini futhi kuwele phansi njengoba nemvula ene-asidi. ezifakwa okunjalo ona izinga kwenhlabathi, ekunciphiseni isivuno.

Imithombo main lokungcoliswa komoya - yensimbi kanye ukukhiqizwa steel, kanye izakhiwo ushise izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. izinto ezilimazayo emoyeni kusukela amaziko, qeda amapayipi wezimoto amaziko. Ikakhulukazi iyingozi iyona element sulphur dioxide. Lokhu igesi enobuthi, okuyinto ancibilikisa kalula emanzini. Hit lokhu kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa singene ezithweni zokuphefumula wabantu kanye nokusetshenziswa ukudla kuholela yokuthi ukuthi linganisa umthelela emzimbeni womuntu kubathinta.

Ukuba khona emakamu eliphezulu le-sulfur dioxide siyenzeka eduze smelters. Le into ebangela hypoplasia izitshalo ebhubhisa chlorophyll futhi ubangela zome futhi ewa amaqabunga izinaliti. Ingxenye yalo igesi kuphinde oxidized. Ngenxa yalokho okunjena kukhona anhydrite sulfuric, okuyinto hhayi nje abangele umonakalo ukuba zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kodwa futhi ebhubhisa isakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufika emhlabathini, lesi sici is igezwa isikhunta kuyiphi izitshalo uthole wonke umsoco badinga.

Ngenxa omlilo esiqhubekayo semali fuel futhi kwenzeka ukungcoliswa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Umthelela ukungcola komuntu kunalokho omubi. Iqiniso lokuthi abaningi compounds ezinobuthi emkhathini. Lokhu carbon nitrogen oxides, kwakheka izakhi ezibanga ukuhola kanye carbohydrate ezehlukene ezifana ethylene futhi acetylene. Lezi zingxenye eziyingozi, ngokuhlanganisa emoyeni nge amanzi, abe inkungu ezinobuthi - ngentuthu. Uqothula izitshalo emadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-manifest kanye nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ubuthi inkungu kunomthelela ukubonakaliswa izifo eziningi, ezihlanganisa nomdlavuza.

Amachibi Kwemoya

Ukwanda ukusetshenziswa kwalesi loyimvelo ezibalulekile sihlotshaniswa nokwanda kwenani labantu emhlabeni, ngcono izimo zabo sanitary ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eniselwayo kanye nezimboni. Konke lokhu kungaholela amathuba "amanzi indlala". Futhi lapha kufanele waba nomthelela wezenzo zabantu omuhle uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Omunye izinyathelo ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga ukuthuthukisa imibuzo ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo okumelwe sizithathe ukuze kuqedwe zezimboni kwekungcola emifuleni. Phela ezinobuthi sizibulale yabulala namachibi ezinhlanzi.

ukungcoliswa zasolwandle

Ndawonye ngamanzi emfuleni namadreni olwandle iza petroleum imfucuza pathogenic, izinhlobo enobuthi of organic compounds, nosawoti of izinsimbi eziningi ezisindayo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukungcola ifinyelela ngezabelo yokuthi babamba shellfish nenhlanzi ongakulungele ukudliwa ngabantu.

Izinguquko enhlabathini

Minyaka yonke, abantu abuthele emasimini kwezitshalo. Ndawonye nalo ka enhlabathini evundile izingqimba kuhoxiswe esiningi potassium, phosphorus kanye nitrogen, isb izinto ezidingekayo ukuze isitshalo umsoco. Ukuze ubuyise lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile emkhakheni ukuze ube nengxenye ngonyaka ukuze manyolo organic nokumbiwa. Ububanzi yabo kumele kwanele ukuba isifundazwe ukukhiqiza sokuvuna esikhulu nokususwa kwenhlabathi Ukuwohloka. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela nokugcina izinga amasimu ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo efanele.

Uma umuntu okungalungile ukutshala ukuguguleka komhlaba umhlabathi kwenzeka. Lokhu kubhujiswa lesi ungqimba engenhla, senziwa umoya noma amanzi ukusakaza. Lapho nokuklabisa imfuyo ngokweqile semi ezingwadule futhi emaqeleni kungadala umoya ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi.

Ngenxa yalokho yezenzo zesintu okusongelayo umhlalaphansi inzuzo wezolimo ezindaweni ezinkulu. Kungenzeka futhi indlela evulekile kwemayini. Izinqwaba kwenhlabathi umsebenzi ezijulile kokubhubhisa izindawo ezinkulu ezindaweni angomakhelwane. Ngakho lapho kungukuphula umbuso kwamanzi kwendawo, ukungcola kwamanzi, emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Kanyekanye kwehle isivuno.

Umthelela on yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene

Ngenxa yalokho yemitselela yeluntfu oqondile emvelweni kwenzeka engaqondile emvelweni. Enye indlela thonya kuyinto ahlabayo ecacile kwamahlathi. Kulokhu, izitshalo ezisele eziyizithelo uqimba aphansi ngaphansi kwethonya enqabayo wale misebe ngqo kwelanga. Ngo umthunzi-flora libhujiswa chlorophyll nokukhula engasenamahloni. Ngenxa ukunyamalala uhlobo oluthile. ushintsho asitholayo nezwe kwezilwane. Labo zilwane ogama khona kungenxa yokuma isihlahla, uthuthe kwezinye izindawo noma zinyamalale.

Nomthelela omubi izimila ihlathi abe izivakashi ngokuvakashela kanye amaholide. Basuke abanyathela nomhlabathi compaction kanye ungcolisa nemvelo.
A nomthelela omubi izilwane zasendle uye ngokudoba nezilwane, okuyizinto for human umsoco noma labo abazokwazi ngokuletha inzuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo. Leli qiniso kwenza abathile kwezinhlobo engcupheni yokuqothulwa. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, kubangela ukwehla ukuzinza biocenoses.

radiocontamination

Ngo-1945, iplanethi yethu ibhekene nenselele enkulu. Kwathi emveni kokuba njalo imizi Japanese of Nagasaki naseHiroshima, amaMelika lehla amabhomu e-athomu. Humanity wafunda ngokusebenzelana ukungcola yenuzi we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. isikali Okuningi global magazini yokutholwa emuva kokwenziwa yenuzi olwenziwa kuze kufinyelele 1963

Exploding amabhomu e-athomu zibangele ukuba imisebe eyingozi eqinile ionizing. Kulokhu, izinhlayiya enemisebe abazenzi olude, elonakalisayo eziphilayo, emanzini nasemhlabathini ophilayo. Futhi lapha uqala ube nomthelela ongemuhle uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli womuntu. isotopes Radioactive engena emzimbeni, is umonakala kuthinte izicubu nogwali amaseli. Ngakho indoda ihlala sengozini ezihlukahlukene izifo, kuhlanganise ebulalayo.

zenuzi izikhali zokuhlola, ukuyise enye ingozi. Phakathi ekwakhekeni ukuqhuma ibhomu omningi uthuli olucolekile nje. izinhlayiya zayo agcinwayo unomphela emkhathini futhi ungadluli ku esibalulekile emisebeni yelanga emhlabeni. Lokhu kungaholela ukuqala "Ukupholisa enuzi" eziholela ekufeni sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.