Izici isakhiwo zama-athomu metal

Uhlu izakhi zamakhemikhali nezici lapha yakhiwa izinto ezahlukene, anamakhulu mahlanu. Kwenqwaba wabo metal. La makhemikhali ziyasatshalalaiswa emhlabeni. Izinsimbi kungatholakala compounds ezihlukahlukene emkhathini futhi emhlabeni, njengengxenye yezinto eziphilayo futhi izitshalo, kanye amanzi olwandle, nasemachibini, emachibini noma emifuleni. izakhiwo Chemical salezi zici acace kakhulu. Izici ziye zathi umehluko kusuka izinto kwamanye amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma into kungokwalabo esigabeni metal, khona-ke kumelwe nakanjani kumelwe kugujwe uhlu ezithile izakhiwo:

- khona elicinene crystalline isakhiwo;
- ayebuthaka evelele;
- amandla conductivity kagesi;
- ngezinga eliphezulu conductivity ezishisayo;
- ukwehla ikhono ukuqhuba ugesi nge ukwanda umbuso ezishisayo;
- okuncane ukufinyela electron;
- malleability futhi ductility;
- Ikhono yakha Alloys ahlukahlukene.

Isakhiwo sensimbi, okuyinto kuchazwa wesimanje emhlabeni yesayensi, limelela ngehele crystal. Ngezinye base kwakhona electron mahhala futhi ion kokuba icala omuhle. I uqobo crystal umelwe efomini ngehele kokuba isakhiwo ngekwendzawo. ISIZINDA kohlelo elalihlala ion futhi electron phakathi kwazo nivuna umthamo high nokuhamba. Isakhiwo athomu ngezinto ivumela izinhlayiya okusebenzayo butjhilweni. Electron ukwenza izinguquko phakathi ama-athomu, kanye ukuzungeza nuclei yabo. Ukwazi izici kwesakhiwo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu metal kalula ukuchaza okuvela kuyo i kagesi kuwo. Kubonakala ngaphansi kwethonya umehluko angaba namandla lapho ama-electron abangenathuba elala ion uqale ngaphambilini ezinyakazayo kwelinye direction.

Izici kwesakhiwo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ensimbi kubangele okusezingeni eliphezulu ezishisayo izakhi conductivity idatha. Amaelectrons ukuthi wenze ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ukushintshashintsha amandla ion ngesikhathi ukungqubuzana lakamuva. Elements ukuthi ngaso ISIZINDA ngehele adlulisa kunyakaza ukuba izinhlayiya angomakhelwane kukhona ozayo, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo ukushisa kwensimbi imodi olinganiselayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokushisa iba iyunifomu kulo lonke mass.

Izici isakhiwo-athomu okusansimbi ku khona phakathi le covalent isibopho uhlamvu. Esikhathini ngehele crystal likhona njengoba elengayo amandla esizoheha electron futhi ion. Lena isibopho metal obuphakathi izinhlayiya timphawu. Lolu hlobo lwe-inthanethi elikhona ngisho khona isimo liquid ndaba. Kule, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ubuhlobo metal akanawo izinhlayiya ngabanye. It ngumnikazi amayunithi abo.

Ngokombono amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, ikakhulu isakhiwo athomu metal kukhona lushelele ukufinyela electron futhi Valence ushintsho ngesikhathi ion. Ngenxa yalokho, ketshezi ngokwayo ukhonza amandla reductant. Ikhono give up electron yabo ngesikhathi ngezinto ezihlukahlukene kubonakala degrees ezehlukene. I kulula le nqubo kwenzeka, esebenzayo ngaphezulu ubhekwa isici. Ngakho ukuxhumana yayo nezinye izinto esiphezulu kwenzeka ngamandla. Kunezindlela eziningana ekucindezelekeni, okwakubekelwa iyawakha i Beketov abanolwazi - Usokhemisi waseRussia. Izinsimbi kulolu hlu kukhona ngokulandelana ephawula ukubola umthamo wabo chemical ngomsebenzi. Kususelwa inani ekucindezelekeni, singakwazi ukuthola izakhiwo ingxenye:

- kuyilapho ekwehliseni ezingaba electrode we metal kwandisa kwaso indawo umsebenzi;
- Ungakwazi azixoshe izinsimbi kusukela brines lemisuka okuyinto okungadingeki ngemva kwabo, uchungechunge electrochemical;
- izinsimbi, alahlwayo ohlwini ngakwesokunxele hydrogen asebenzayo, ungakwazi azixoshe ke kusukela izixazululo ene-asidi.