Izimbangela lwesigodlo linemibhikisho eRussia

Inkathi esigodlweni linemibhikisho ibizwa ngokuthi inkathi yomlando Russian ezalandela ukufa uPetru mina, uma ukudluliswa kwamandla kuleli zwe ukuthi kwenziwe umthetho.

Ithemu umbhali mlando vơ Klyuchevskii. Yena okholwa ukuthi inkathi esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso kwaqala ngo 1725 ngemva kokufa Petra Velikogo futhi yaphela 1762 ngemva kokubusa uCatherine II. Nokho, kukhona umbono wokuthi kulezi zikhathi ezigcwele izinkathazo wabuya e 1801 e ngecala lokubulala Paul I. Ezinye izazi-mlando ukuthola izimpawu zalesi sikhathi e kwavukelwa we Decembrists.

Izizathu eziyinhloko for the amasu okugumbuqela imibuso egcekeni - bikho imithetho ecacile ngokulandelana, ukungabi nayo kwezombusazwe zomthetho; izingxabano kwezingxabano phakathi igunya lobukhosi, isigaba esibusayo kanye izikhulu.

Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zizathu.

Ngo-1722 Peter I, wakhipha umyalo "Charter of Succession", ngesisekelo okuyinto, esihlalweni sobukhosi Kwakusazodlula ukuba ezahlukene abantu, abazolandela oqondile ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi hhayi kuphela. Namanje isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokufa inkosi wayesevuka kanye uqhekeko lokuqala. iqembu lezombusazwe, eliholwa Apraksin, waphikelela ngokuthi ukwakhiwa sesihlalo sobukhosi umzukulu uPetru mina sika ekuqokweni yakhe, abe ngumkakhe ibamba ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi, Catherine I.

Elinye iqembu, eholwa Prince Menshikov, wayehamba ukwenza Empress autocratic uCatherine. Ngenxa usongo anobuciko futhi zilekelele Army Catherine A. wakhushulwa esihlalweni sobukhosi 1725. Ngemva kokuba eseshonile ngo 1727 umbuzo kwamandla Kuvezwe futhi. Throne wayiswa uPetru II ngenxa izingobe yochungechunge.

Izimbangela lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso azisekelwe isifiso izicelo ukushintsha isimiso sezombusazwe ekhona noma ukufeza noma iyiphi kabusha. Isici nobuntu kwenkathi kwaba impi Ukuphokophelela amandla okuphatha, bathi, "e injalo elicwengekileyo." Zonke iqembu elilwayo yayihloselwe kuphela ekutholeni ngamandla nangengcebo siqu.

Izimbangela lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso kusukela 1727 eyayigujwa kokugumbuqelwa Menshikov, empeleni leliya lizwe iminyaka engu-3. Njengoba i ohlakaniphile abanolwazi nobuqili, noma kunjalo, yenza isiphambeko abalulekile ngenxa yamandla aphuphuthekise. Ngiyajabula elala kubangane bawo, washeshe yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke inesifiso isikhathi eside kangaka. Ukudlulisa langempela amandla Dolgoruky futhi Golitsyn. Nalapha futhi, kukhona isidingo sokufuna i indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi njengoba uPetru II wafa ingxibongo.

Ezinye izizathu esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso abangu kulekelelwa ukusayinwa isimo, okuyinto kungagcini amandla ngubani esihlalweni sobukhosi womshana kaPetru - Anny Kurlyandskoy (Anny Ioannovny). Wasisayina idokhumenti, ukuyeka eminye amandla esivuna azitshelwa Council. Isikhathi kokubusa kwakhe, ngakho elalihambisana ne ngesihluku umshikashika wemandla.

Ngemva Anna Kurlyandskaya isimo elinqunywe esidlangalaleni, Dolgoruky umndeni yacishe ibhujisiwe, futhi umzabalazo igunya beze ubuso esisha, kuhlanganisa no Intandokazi Empress Biron, BK Munnich kanye AP NaseVolyn.

Izimbangela lwesigodlo linemibhikisho eRussia ziye engahlangene nje kuphela isimo sezombangazwe, kodwa futhi abanobuntu abantu eduze nenkosi. Kwezinye izimo, lo mbusi kwakumane figurehead, kodwa empeleni izwe lalibuswa nezicukuthwane.

Njengoba ukufa uPetru I 1762 wayenezinduna ezinhlanu eRussia. amasu okugumbuqela imibuso Iningi zenzeka ne iqhaza Labaqaphi. Abanye abacwaningi uqhathanise le nkathi emlandweni Russia kusukela ngasekupheleni koMbuso WamaRoma, lapho ngokuvamile ngakho kwaba khona ukuguqulwa kwamandla, futhi amasu okugumbuqela imibuso ibutho abathintekayo.

Ngakho, sabuka ama-amasu okugumbuqela imibuso esigodlweni, izimbangela ezazihlanganisa Charter of ngokulandelana, asele ngemva kokubusa uPetru mina, kanye emzabalazweni phakathi kwemindeni yizicukuthwane okuqondene iqembu elibusayo.

Amandla isikhathi eside akahlalanga ezandleni esifanayo, ababusi eRussia, waphumelela nomunye ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokuphela kwenkathi ebikhona kuphela wafika ukubusa uCatherine Omkhulu, owayekwazi ukubuyisela oda isimo.