Amasiko ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ERussia yasendulo

Isenzakalo esiyingqayizivele - isiko nendlela yempilo Russia lasendulo. Ubuciko of the State - isithelo feat abantu Russian ngubani wakhuthaza onqenqemeni emhlabeni European ukholo lwakhe futhi ukuzimela, kwezifiso zawo. Abacwaningi baye baphawula izici ezifana emasikweni lasendulo ngokuthi uhlamvu zokwenziwa nokuvuleka. izwe ehlukile ongokomoya owadalwa nokuxhumana ifa kanye namasiko lwamaSlav empumalanga kuya isiko WaseByzantium, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngamasiko asendulo. kumiswa isikhathi kanye zezimbali lokuqala ubudala isiko Russian ingena phakathi 10 futhi kuqala isigamu 13 ubudala (isikhathi isb pre-Mongolian).

Temdzabu

Yalondolozwa amasiko zobuqaba lasendulo ikakhulukazi temdzabu (temdzabu): e iculo, yezinganekwane, izaga, iziphonso, izintelezi, nezimfumbe. Esikhathini inkumbulo umlando wabantu Russian endaweni ekhethekile elalihlala yeqhawe. Besenkolweni yezinganekwane nobuqhawe abavikeli abanesibindi yezitha ezweni lakubo. Hlabelelani Folk benhlanhla okuxhaphaza Mikula Selyaninovich, iVolga, Aleshi Popovicha, u-Ilya Muromtsa, Dobryni Nikiticha nezinye amaqhawe (byliny isiyonke kukhona abalingiswa abasemqoka abazizwa ngayo ezingefani ezingaphezu kuka-50).

Ayayikhokha kubo ucingo ukumelela ezweni labo, ngenxa yokholo lwabo. Esikhathini epics, kuyathakazelisa ngokwanele, ezweni Ukuvikelwa eyayihambisana isisusa - ukuvikelwa zokholo lobuKristu. Lo mcimbi obaluleke kunayo yonke isiko ERussia yasendulo ukubhapathizwa kwakhe.

Ukubhala eRussia

Nge ukwamukelwa kobuKristu ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa lokubhala. Nakuba kwaba ngaphambili ezaziwayo. Njengoba ubufakazi, siletha ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama "imigomo rezah", ebhekise phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka, ulwazi ezivumelwaneni phakathi Rus futhi wayiyisa eByzantium, badonswa up in Russian, esitsheni sebumba eduze Smolensk okudweba nombhalo othi Cyrillic (zamagama adalwe uCyril noMethodius, enlighteners lwamaSlav ekuqa- 10-11 eminyaka).

Ukuze Russia zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni babuthela izincwadi eziningi yesonto, izincwadi kwezwe nokwenkolo ukuhumusha. imibhalo yesandla esekhona: "Izbornik" Prince Svyatoslav, eyabhalwa ngo 1073 kanye 1076 eneminyaka emibili, "Ostrom Gospel", ebhekise 1057. Kusolakala ukuthi in kwegazi 11-13 eminyaka, kwaba khona izincwadi cishe izinkulungwane 130-140, ayenamagama abangamakhulu amaningana . Ngu amazinga Ephakathi e oMdala Rus ekukwati kufundza nekubhala ingamaphesenti ngempela eliphezulu. Kukhona nezinye ubufakazi. Lokhu amagxolo birch, wathola abavubukuli eNovgorod phakathi nekhulu lama-20, kanye imibhalo eyayikulo izinto izikebhe izindonga lombhishobhi, imisebenzi ezikoleni lezindela, incwadi amaqoqo St Sophia Cathedral kanye Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, nabanye, okuyinto namuhla kufundvwe isiko futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke eRussia lasendulo.

Kwabonakala ukuthi Old isiko Russian libhekisela "eziyizimungulu", okungukuthi, baphucwa izincwadi yayo yasekuqaleni. Nokho, lokhu nokucabanga ayilungile. izinhlobo ezahlukene emelelwa izincwadi eRussia lasendulo. Lokhu kanye nezimpilo abangcwele, kanye zemihla, nokufundisa, nezithunywa okuyihaba, futhi travel amanothi. Siphawula lapha edumile "Lay", elingazange basonta yimiphi izinhlobo ke ekhona. Ngakho, izincwadi eRussia lasendulo amumethe Amathrendi nezitayela, izithombe.

Spinning kanye ukwelukwa

Old isimo Russian kwahluka isiko esiyingqayizivele hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nendlela yabo yokuphila. Gen. Rus sidilizwa Kuyathakazelisa futhi eyingqayizivele. Izakhamuzi wahlanganyela yezandla ahlukahlukene. Ngo abesifazane, ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi nokuwashwa ukwelukwa. Isamba esidingekayo kwezicubu kufanele sifake abesifazane Russian zokugqokisa umndeni wakhe, njengoba umthetho, enkulu kanye ukuhlobisa amathawula endlini futhi zokudla kuhlanzekile yini. Ibamba insimbi akukho ngozi abhekwa njengesipho bendabuko abalimi, elalihlala ngothando eyadluliselwa isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Kwakukhona e-Russia langalezo akunika amantombazane isondo ukuphotha ozithandayo yomsebenzi wabo siqu. I eyinkimbinkimbi ezibaziweyo futhi zaveza inkosi yakhe kuka wayebukeka ezimibalabala kakhudlwana, kulapho lapho ahlonishwe. intombazane Russian uya imibuthano e kusihlwa ebusika, bathatha nabo isondo ukuphotha ukubabonisa off.

Izindlu zemizi

Customs, kanye ukuphila kule imizi yasendulo waba umlingisi kuyiwa kuka emizaneni. Kukhona cishe ungakaze umbone lo ngezingodo (bheka. Photo).

Gen. Rus sidilizwa emadolobheni libonise izakhiwo ezahlukene. Abahlala emadolobheni ngokuvamile esakhiwe ezimbili storey indlu, eyayihlanganisa amakamelo amaningana. Izindlu amaqhawe, abapristi, izikhulu ngaxabana yabo. Qiniseka ukubekela eceleni Manor izindawo enkulu yezwe, eyakhelwe lwamakholi kumakhabheni ngokuba izinceku kanye netingcweti temsebenti, kanye izindlu ahlukahlukene. Gen. ERussia yasendulo sasihlukile izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu ubonisa izinhlobo zokuhlala. Boyar mansions kwesikhulu babe izigodlo yangempela. Lezi zindlu ehlotshiswe okhaphethi ocebile izindwangu.

Encwadini emadolobheni kahle esikhulu wahlala abantu Russian. Bona olunezinombolo amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Emaphandleni kungaba nedlanzana ezimbalwa kuphela amayadi angu. Gen. Rus Lasendulo, amasiko zasendulo zagcinwa kubo isikhathi eside kunaleso emizini.

Izindlu emizaneni

A izinga lokuphila eliphakeme babe nezindawo zokuhlala, ezihilela nemizila ehlukahlukene ukuhweba. Abalimi wahlala, ngokuvamile emizini emincane. Esikhathini eningizimu Kwasakazwa maqhugwane kabani uphahla ngokuvamile embozwe umhlaba.

ERussia, eqhugwaneni enyakatho babe esinezitezi ezimbili, ukuphakama, amawindi amancane (lapho kungaba engaphezu kwemihlanu). Banamathele ecaleni kwezindlu emadlangaleni, izinqolobane futhi egumeni. Bonke bangabangasokile ngokuvamile ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Lolu hlobo luni lwezindlu ekahle kakhulu ebusika nokhahlo enyakatho. izakhi eziningi izindlu zingakakhiwa ehlotshiswe imiklamo weJiyomethri.

Interior ongumlimi maqhugwane

Life of abalimi eRussia lasendulo yayingesinye kahle elula. Maqhugwane nasemizaneni ngokuvamile wabheka kunalokho abampofu. Interior ongumlimi maqhugwane zisusiwe kuhle esiqinile, kodwa phambi nenhle sezimpawu ngaphambili ekhoneni kwaba itafula esikhulu, okuyinto yayihloselwe yonke amalungu omndeni. izinto sidilizwa zokuphila kwansuku zonke eRussia futhi kufakwe amabhentshi ububanzi ukuthi ujenga izindonga. Bakhandwa ehlotshiswe edging ezibaziweyo. Ngokuvamile phezu kwabo babe emashalofini enzelwe yokugcina zezinto zalo. izinto zangamalanga Russia wasendulo wawuhlanganisa postavets (enyakatho eydijithali), okuyinto sigcwalisa evamile Umdwebo nenhle esibonisa izimbali, izinyoni, amahhashi, futhi izithombe esibonisa zonyaka ngendlela engokomfanekiso.

Ithebula ngamaholide embozwe ngendwangu ebomvu. Ezibekwe phezu kwawo ezibaziweyo futhi zaveza izitsha zobumba namatshe svettsy ngoba elivuthayo. Benkathi Ephakathi kwesihlahla abadumile Rus sidilizwa. Zenziwa izitsha ezahlukene. enhle kunazo amabhakede lasendulo Russian ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nomumo Were. Ezinye zazo behlaliswe ngokwesivumelwano amabhakede ambalwa. Senzelwe ukuphuza woks ezahlukene ifomu ngokuvamile scaphoid. Pens ehlotshiswe amakhanda amahhashi abo noma duck ezibaziweyo. Futhi generously kulekelelwa amabhakede ezitsheni kanye imidwebo.

Ibhakede okuthiwa Utitsa woks owawunesihloko ukuma nedada. izitsha Kuvulwe efana ibhola kwabizwa ngokuthi Bratin. Beautiful usawoti nabahamba ezime njengesitebhisi amahhashi noma izinyoni, ezibaziweyo ukhuni okuyinhloko. Babedalelwene njengoba nezinkezo amahle nezitsha. Konke kumayelana ukuphila ERussia yasendulo, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngokhuni: imbeleko izingane, ezigqulweni, nezitsha, obhasikidi, impahla yasendlini. Dala ifenisha amakhosi hhayi kuphela wacabanga mayelana lula, kodwa futhi ubuhle. Lezi zinto kumelwe nakanjani babe uyabukeka emehlweni, ukuze ujike ibe iholide, ngisho umsebenzi onzima kakhulu abalimi.

Nezingubo ahlukahlukene

izingubo ethu awakwazanga futhi ichaze izigaba ezahlukene sabantu. Abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti, kokubili amadoda nabesifazane babegqoka amahembe eyayenziwe sendwangu Homespun. Ngaphezu shirts, Amadoda ayegqoke ibhulukwe nabesifazane - isiketi. Abantu abavamile egqoka amajazi ebusika evamile.

Ukuma izingubo ngokuvamile umuntu yizicukuthwane kwaba ukuthanda nabalimi abancane, kodwa izinga Yiqiniso, kwakuhlukile ngokuphelele. izingubo ezinjalo wadala ngendwangu ebizayo. Ngokuvamile izingubo zazenziwe ngegolide efekethisiwe izindwangu asempumalanga. Kuphela kusukela uboya eyigugu bathunga amajazi ebusika. Abalimi futhi bendawo nabo bebekhona izicathulo ezahlukene. izicebi kuphela ayenamandla okukwenza ukuthenga izicathulo noma pistons (izicathulo). Izikhulu Sasifaka amabhuzu, okuyinto wayewabusisa ngokucebile ehlotshiswe Marquetry. Abalimi ababengenamandla okukuthola ukwenza noma ukuthenga Bast, owaphila isiko Russian ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20.

Emadilini kanye yokuzingela Rus Lasendulo

Izwe lonke babaziwa ukuze azingele namadili Ayo izikhulu Russian lasendulo. Phakathi izenzakalo ezinjalo zivame ixazululwe izindaba ebaluleke kakhulu isimo. Obala flamboyantly kugujwa abakhileyo ukunqoba Rus lasendulo 'nemikhankaso. Uju newayini kwezilwandle agelezé. Izinceku wakhonza izitsha ezinkulu inyama umdlalo. Lezi emadilini kumele uvakashele posadniki kanye nabadala bakuwo wonke amadolobha, kanye abantu abaningi. Gen. izakhamuzi ERussia yasendulo Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle emadilini luningi. Inkosi ngedili kanye nezicukuthwane, namaqhawe ku igalari eliphezulu esigodlweni, namatafula zafakwa egcekeni abantu.

Falcon, uklebe ukuzingela nge zinja futhi kubhekwe kumnandi ocebile. Ukuze abantu abavamile Tune ahlukahlukene ukuzijabulisa, izinhlanga, tournaments. Gen. ERussia yasendulo njengenhlangano ebalulekile okuyingxenye, ikakhulukazi enyakatho, kufakwe okugeza.

Ezinye izici zokuphila Russian

Izingane boyars imvelo kwesikhulu asilethelwa bebodwa. Boys iminyaka emithathu bafakwa ihhashi, wabe esenikeza ukunakekelwa kanye ubungoti Pestunov (ie umnakekeli). Isikhulu abasha eneminyaka engu-engu-12 waya uphathe ezifundeni kanye nemizi. emikhayeni ekhomba ngophakathi ngekhulu le-11 baqala ukufundisa eKufundza neKubhala kokubili emantombazaneni nakubafana. Kiev bargaining yayiyindawo ozithandayo zabantu abavamile nezidumile. It bathengisa izimpahla kanye nemikhiqizo evela emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise India kanye Baghdad. Sasithanda behlise amanani abantu basendulo yeRussia.