Izimpawu endaweni icebo. izimpawu kwendawo

Cartographic (ngesimo sendawo) izimpawu kukhona ingemuva kanye umugqa izimpawu ufanekisela sezwe izinto ezahlukene, okuyinto ezisetshenziswa amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo futhi izinhlelo. Lezizibonakaliso zinezikhathi evamile amaqembu eyohlobo lezinto. Kwenzeka kokubili umbala shape. Kulokhu, nabalingiswa abasemqoka asetshenziswa ukulungiswa amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo yamazwe ahlukene nomunye musa ihluke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu ezivamile ukudlulisela isayizi shape, indawo, kanye ezinye izici ambalwa kanye qualitative lezinto, izakhi kanye izifunda nesimo sendawo yakhiqizwa phezu amakhadi. Bonke zihlukaniswe bhalobasar onek (isikali), scaleless, achazayo futhi komugqa. incazelo emfushane ngayinye kulezi zinhlobo.

isikali emamaki

Bhalobasar onek, noma emikhulu, izimpawu ezivamile asetshenziselwa isithombe sendawo lezinto ukuthi luthathe indawo eningi. Amasayizi yalezi izinto ungaboniswa uhlelo noma imephu esikalini. izimpawu Areal unezitho ezimbili. Eyokuqala wabo - lokhu kuwuphawu into. Esesibili - Umbala ezivamile noma ngokugcwalisa izibonakaliso zakhe. Contour is efanekiselwa ezinamachashazi umugqa into (bogs, izimfunda, amahlathi). Umugqa okuqinile ikhombisa uhlaka kwalesi sigodi, ichibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nentaba into kungenziwa ukuboniswa usebenzisa uphawu umngcele ethile (ezicijile, ube nemigodi ngemigodi).

izimpawu ukugcwaliswa

Izimpawu endaweni uhlelo zahlukahlukene. Olunye lwezinhlobo zabo - is ngokugcwalisa izibonakaliso ethulwa ngendlela ethize ngaphakathi iluphu. I-oda kungaba kabi amandla akhe, chess. izimpawu Ukugcwalisa ingaphinda ibekwe imigqa mpo noma okuvundlile. Scale emamaki kunendlela nje ukuthola indawo lapho isikhungo ikhona. Siyabonga kubo, ungase futhi bayakwazisa ezakheke, sikwele, Ubukhulu komugqa.

izimpawu isikali

Lolu hlobo yakhelwe izinto isithombe kokuba obuphelele emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, leligama emifuleni, emigwaqweni noma ojantshi, izintambo zikagesi, ugibele, imingcele, kanye neminye imifula.

izimpawu komugqa

Akulesi sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kokuba aphume isikali ngezinga elikhulu izinhlamvu. Ubude izinto elihambisana Kulinganiselwa kusekelwe kulesi silinganiso kumephu, kodwa ububanzi - kuba. Ngokuvamile-ke mkhulu ububanzi bendawo into emelelwa ibalazwe, isikhundla okuhambelana eksisi longitudinal we uphawu ezivamile. Ngokuvundlile njengoba emelelwa emamaki komugqa.

Siye ohlwini akubona bonke Amatshwayo endaweni icebo. Siphendukela izimpawu ochazayo.

izimpawu esishoyo

Zisetshenziswa kuya phambili uchaze izinto babonisa ebalazweni. Ngokwesibonelo, basuke okhonjiswe ububanzi, ubude, oluvala amasondo umthwalo, ubunjalo kanye ububanzi komzila womgwaqo, isimo nokujula of ezibukweni inhlabathi, ukuphakama isilinganiso kanye ukushuba we kwemithi yehlathi. Esishoyo futhi amagama efanele lezinto, kanye imibhalo eqoshiwe ezehlukene kwi amakhadi. Ngayinye yalezi amalebula wenziwa izinhlamvu kokuba osayizi abathile, futhi font isethi.

uphawu generalized

Nge ngincipha isikali amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo eyohlobo izimpawu endaweni icebo lula kuhlangene ngamaqembu, okuyinto yena, zibe omunye uphawu generalized. Notation sisonke lingachazwa ngokuthi iphiramidi ufushanisiwe. Ngo osekelwe kuyo - izimpawu ezisetshenziswa ukuhlela, ne Esikalini kusukela ku 1: 500. Labo ababhalisela amakhadi ne Esikalini kusukela ku 1: 1,000,000 (okubizwa ngokuthi i Uhlolojikelele futhi kwendawo), esisogwini phezulu ocijile.

umbala namagama

Ukuze wonke amamephu umbala, okuyinto zimelela endaweni uhlelo ziyafana. Akunandaba ukuthi umgamu wawo. izimpawu Bar, izakhiwo, umhlaba kanye wabuka zabo, lamaphuzu anamandla, izinto zendawo, imingcele abathola isahlulelo e black. Brown ezikhonjiswe izakhi impumuzo. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-, nemifudlana, emadanyini emaxhaphozini kumephu okwesibhakabhaka (ukukhanya blue - esibukweni amanzi). Green isetshenziswa lapho uphawu imelelwa amahlathi. Okuningi ngokunembile, isetshenziselwa nezihlahla bebonke. oluhlaza Dark lisetshenziswe ukubonisa imivini, ezihlabayo, ezinwabuzelayo, amahlathi yemifino. Orange imakwe imigwaqo kanye omakhelwane libhekene izakhiwo ukumelana nomlilo. Umbala ophuzi isetshenziswa abonisa ngcono emigwaqweni enothuli, kanye omakhelwane, njengengxenye okuyinto - non-engangenwa umlilo esakhiweni.

amagama izifinyezo

Ukuze amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo ayatholakala ngaphezu izimpawu izifinyezo amayunithi ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, nesifunda eMoscow ezikhonjiswe Mosk. Futhi hlela zokunciphisa imigomo ochazayo. Symbol ixhaphozi - enkulu, amandla -. El.-st., eningizimu-ntshonalanga isiqondiso - SW. Ukusetshenziswa amafonti zifane ungakwazi ukunika umbiko obalulekile ngaphezu izimpawu ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ifonti elisetshenziselwa amagama nemizana, ukuboniswa ukubaluleka kwabo kwezombusazwe nezokuphatha, uhlobo labantu. Njengoba for emfuleni, ungathola ulwazi mayelana nokwenzeka navigation nokubaluleka kwayo. Amafonti ezisetshenziswa ukusebenza imithombo ayishiyile, ukuphakama nakomaka esisiza ukuba siqonde ngumuphi kubo ongathiwa kubhekwe kakhulu.

Ukuma kwendawo yendlela

On the emabalave lalula isimo sezwe imelelwa izindlela ezilandelayo: umbala zepulasitiki, yokuhlanza, imigqa, wabuka futhi awalethe. On emikhulu amashadi ngokuvamile kugcwele nentaba imigqa, okuyinto kunezinzuzo abalulekile phezu ezinye izindlela.

ukuphakama Isihlobo futhi ngokuphelele

Ukuze ziveza ngokwethembeka impumuzo komhlaba ebusweni indiza, odinga ukukwazi okuyizinto ukuphakama iphuzu kuso. Enhlabathini, kukhona ezisezansi, amagquma nezintaba. Ungabathola kanjani ukuthi kungakanani zingabantu ongaphakeme noma okusezingeni eliphezulu? Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka ukuqhathanisa ukuphakama izinto isihlobo amanye elifanayo. Phakathi ezingeni kokuqala kwamanzi ukwamukelwa zolwandle.

Ukuphakama ngokuphelele - iphuzu komhlaba, okuyinto kukalwa kusukela ezingeni zolwandle. Uma amaphuzu ngaphezu alolu, ukuphakama yabo omuhle (isibonelo, ukuqokwa iziqongo entabeni - inombolo efanele). Kungenjalo, izokhombisa ukuthi akanalo igciwane. ukuphakama Isihlobo - umehluko ukuphakama kusuka iphuzu phansi kwelinye.

kanjani izimpawu

Zonke abizwa okunemibandela kwendawo kumele babe imiva, ukucaciseleka. Kumelwe, ngaphezu, kalula kulandeleke. Izimpawu kumephu kusetshenziselwa onke izikali, sekufundzisa bese usetha imibhalo normative. Ziyakwazi kuphoqelekile zonke izinkampani nezinhlangano ukuthi afeze umsebenzi wezokwakha.

Land ukuphathwa inhlangano kufanele acabangele ukuhlukahluka ezakhiweni zasemapulazini nezwe. Ngokuvamile kungaphezu ukwamukelwa of izimpawu saziso. Ngakho-ke, izinhlangano nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngezikhathi ukukhipha izimpawu ezengeziwe ezibonisa ngokucacile wezolimo. Ngakho kukhona izimpawu entsha kumephu.

nje okungaqondile amakhadi

izinto Endaweni kuncike esikalini izinhlelo noma amabalazwe ziveze imininingwane obuhlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, edolobhaneni ecebeni, esesikhundleni Esikalini kusukela ku 1: 2000, bangabulawa zimelelwa kuphela ezinye uhlobo olufanayo ekhaya, futhi uyoboniswa futhi isimo sabo. Kodwa ebalazweni nge yemakhono 1:50 000 nethuba ukwethula amakota kuphela. Kuzokwenzekani uma ukhulisa yona 1: 1 million? Kulokhu, lonke idolobha uzobe ukuboniswa indilinga lencane. Nje okungaqondile zamakhadi ibizwa ngokuthi nje okungaqondile izici nempumuzo, siyenzeka ngesikhathi Ukuqeda izinga ezinkulu ezincane.

namagama elicacisa ngesimo sendawo, njengoba ubona, zahlukahlukene. Basenza uthole ulwazi mayelana lezinto emelelwa kumephu. Amagama emizini, emizaneni, imifula, amahlathi, njll Ingabe ngokuphongoza nomunye. Akumangazi, ngoba kukhona izinto ezahlukene ngokuphelele.

Ekugcineni, thina akutshele mayelana umqondo ezifana endaweni icebo. Lahlangana izikhathi eziningana ngaphambili kulesi sihloko, futhi kungase kungabi sobala ngco kulofundzako.

umdwebo site

Ukuze ugcine indlu, futhi ukufunda ubunjalo, izingxenye ezibalulekile we ebusweni isithombe umhlaba. Le ndawo kokuba endaweni encane kungenziwa izithombe noma upende. Ngokuvamile, isithombe enziwe komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, izinto eduze kuboniswe ke, akusibekele eside. Futhi isithombe, futhi isibalo basinike umbono isimo sezwe. Nokho, abakwazi ukubona ukuthi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ayilingani komhlaba has iyonke. Izinto ezibekwe phezu, kuyoba sobala kakhulu uma endaweni isithombe ukwenza phezulu, bathi indiza. Isithombe ngaleyo ndlela wathola ibizwa ngokuthi izithombe zasemoyeni. Izinto limelelwa ke, efana babukeka kanjani phansi. ezikhundleni zawo ezilinganiselwe nosayizi azobonakala lesi sithombe.

uhlelo endaweni futhi adlulisele umbono phezulu. Nokho, kunomehluko abaningi phakathi kwaso isithombe. Le ndawo Uhlelo umdwebo wenza ephepheni. Ibonisa ifomu ukuncipha surface ezincane ezweni. Amacebo zehluke kwezinye izithombe ukuze zonke izinto owethulwe kubona, ikhombisa izimpawu. yohlobo lwazo, ziningi. Indlela elula wabo, elibonisa kuphela izinto umuntu, igama schema. Le ndawo uhlelo uhlobo ibalazwe kwendawo.