Ukuvutshelwa acidosis: ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezidingekayo. Heterofermentative acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa

Nature ivumela umuntu ukujabulela izinzuzo abaqukethwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, laba bantu bazama ukwandisa umnotho, ukudala into entsha futhi ukufunda ayikaziwa. Ama-bacterium - indalo encane ngokwemvelo, nayo esezifunde ukusizakala kwabantu.

Kodwa akulona eziyingozi kuphela, kuhambisana nezinqubo pathogenic nezifo athwale lezi zinto eziphilayo prokaryotic. Futhi iwumthombo inqubo ebalulekile ezimbonini esetshenziswa abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo - lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola lokho inqubo nokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani ethize acidosis ukuvutshelwa ejenti.

Umlando imvelaphi nekusetjentiswa ukuvutshelwa

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala yokuthi inqubo ukuvutshelwa ibilokhu isetshenziswa abantu ngenjongo yokuthola imikhiqizo ethile, ayesekhona 5000 BC. Kulapho AbaseBhabhiloni babesebenzisa lesi indlela ukuthola imikhiqizo efana:

• ushizi;
• iwayini;
• yogurt neminye imikhiqizo yobisi.

Kamuva, ezifana ukudla baqala ukuthola e China, Egypt, Sudan, eMexico nakwamanye amazwe lasendulo. Babhaka imvubelo isinkwa, imifino oludakisayo imizamo yokuqala at ukulondolozwa.

Acidosis acid Inqubo ukuvutshelwa esetshenziswa abantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ushizi, kefir, yogurt wawuyingxenye ebalulekile ngesidlo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinzuzo mikhiqizo ukwazi zonke odokotela kanye nezinyanga. Nokho, izizathu ukuguqulwa okungenzeka lolu hlobo isikhathi eside yaqhubeka ingaziwa.

Iqiniso lokuthi izimo ukuvutshelwa adinga khona ezincane, abantu ngisho akakwazanga lokucabanga. Ngo phakathi XVII ekhulwini Van Helmont ukunikela ukwethula inkulumo ethi "ukuvutshelwa" inqubo yokulungisa ukudla, okuyinto ahambisana igesi kwemvelo. Ngemva translation, leli gama lisho "ukubila." Nokho, ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX, okungukuthi iminyaka ecishe ibe ikhulu ezimbili kamuva, amaFulentshi samagciwane, umthaki wemithi kanye physics uLouis Pasteur wathola khona kwezwe kwamagciwane, amagciwane.

Njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi ukuvutshelwa ezahlukene kudinga khona zonke izinhlobo amagciwane ayibonakali iso. Ukutadisha kwabo kuye kwenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukulawula yokubola kwamazinyo amqondise ohlangothini lwesokunene indoda.

Ingqikithi ukuvutshelwa izinqubo

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho inqubo ukuvutshelwa, kubalulekile ukuba aveze isimo sawo kwamakhemikhali. Phela, enkabeni yalo, kungcono nje umsebenzi amagciwane eziningi ezithola amandla labo lokuphila, kuyilapho ekuthuthukiseni ezihlukahlukene by-imikhiqizo.

Ngokuvamile, ukuvutshelwa lingachazwa ngegama elilodwa - namachibi. nokwahlukana anaerobic into ngaphansi kwethonya amagciwane athile, okuholela ekwakhekeni eziningi imikhiqizo. Yikuphi izidakamizwa siyisisekelo, futhi kwenzekani ngenxa yalokho, kunqunywa uhlobo inqubo. Thola eziningana ongakhetha ukuvutshelwa, ngakho-ke has ngezigaba ayo yedatha kugucuka.

ngezigaba

Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko lwezithelo olubangela ukubila.

1. Utshwala. Kuyinto namachibi of carbohydrate ukuba umzali-molecule ETHYL utshwala, isikhutha, amanzi kanye-molecule ATP (mthombo wamandla). Lezi kugucuka abazenzi bedle nje amagciwane kuphela kodwa futhi isikhunta izizukulwane ezahlukene nezinhlobo. Ngale ndlela kusukela kudala walungisa ukudla ezifana ubhiya, iwayini, imvubelo baking utshwala. Amandla ukuthi ikhishwe ngesikhathi noqhekeko we carbohydrate, ichithwa izinqubo isofthiwe microorganism. Lokho okushiwo inqubo yemvelo.
2. Ukuvutshelwa of acidosis acid uku namachibi carbohydrate ukuba acidosis acid ukukhululwa eziningi byproducts. Indlela okwenziwa futhi iziphi izinhlobo yikuphi, eduze abuke.
3. Icwecwe. Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa kuyinto ebalulekile isikali zemvelo. It wenziwa ngezithukuthuku umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlaziya udwi otshekele kwesokunxele amagciwane, okuyinto ziphile ezimweni anaerobic ezansi emaxhaphozini, udaka emfuleni, nokunye. Ngenxa ubunjalo umsebenzi wabo icutshungulwe omningi izingxenye organic. Mikhiqizo izinto eziningi, phakathi lapho main ibhulogi. Futhi ovelele: acetone, utshwala isopropyl, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, acidosis acid, ETHYL utshwala nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

Ngamunye uhlobo esiqokiwe kuyinto isikali ezemvelo kanye zezimboni ezibalulekile. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ethwele kugucuka enjalo kahle wafunda kuze kube manje, futhi abaningi babo alinywa eyayenziwe ukuze bathole isivuno high.

ukuvutshelwa acidosis: umqondo jikelele

Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ezaziwa. Enye BC abakhileyo eGibhithe nezinye lasendulo amazwe bakwazi ukwenza ushizi, phisa ubhiya newayini, isinkwa amakhekhe, acidify imifino nezithelo.

Namuhla ekhethekile esetshenziswa lwalungabola imikhiqizo yobisi, eyayenziwe esekhulile nesigqi nezilwanyana ezincane efanele. Inqubo olwesimanje waziletha automaticity, wenziwa usebenzisa imishini komplektatsionnogo. Kukhona abakhiqizi abaningi abangabokuqala ngqo ekhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa acidosis.

Ingqikithi lonke inqubo kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe izigaba ezimbalwa.

1. Ukuze umkhiqizo main esithathwayo umthombo carbohydrate - elula (fructose, glucose, pentoses) noma ester (sucrose, isitashi, glycogen, njll).
2. Idala izimo anaerobic.
3. Umkhiqizo podselyayutsya zamagciwane ezithile acidosis acid amagciwane zilwane.
4. Inikeza zonke izici ezidingekayo zangaphandle ukuthi kukhona eliphezulu umkhiqizo oyifunayo: ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa, khona izingxenye ezithile ezengeziwe, ingcindezi.
5. Ngemva kokuphothulwa obilile senzeka futhi Ukukhetha ukucutshungulwa uxhumano ohlangothini.

Yiqiniso, lokhu kuphela incazelo jikelele okwenzekayo. Empeleni, zonke izigaba kukhona eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, ngoba inqubo ukuvutshelwa acidosis - kuwumphumela womsebenzi esibalulekile eziphilayo.

Kususelwa acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa

Kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, lezi zinguquko Uyi lwezinyathelo ezilandelanayo.

1. Okokuqala, ushintsho substrate kokuqala, okuyi-carbon uchungechunge kuyahlukahluka izidakamizwa (carbohydrate). Lokhu kuholela ushintsho ngempela yinto ehlukile, kukhona amakilasi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma substrate umthombo - glucose, kuba ihlelwe kabusha ukuze gluconic acid.
2. ukusabela Redox ephelezelwa ukukhululwa amagesi, ukwakheka byproducts. Iyunithi okuyisisekelo yonke le nqubo acidosis acid. It ikhiqizwa futhi yandiswa inkambo ukuvutshelwa. Nokho, lokhu akukhona uxhumano kuphela. Ngakho, kukhona kumiswa molecule acetic acid, ETHYL utshwala, isikhutha, amanzi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izikhonzi.
3. I energy isivuno yenqubo ngesimo molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Omunye glucose molecule ezimbili molecule ATP, uma substrate kokuqala isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezifana neze-cellulose, bese molecule ezintathu ATP. Lokhu amandla isetshenziswa acidosis acid amagciwane ngoba umsebenzi oqhubekayo.

Yiqiniso, uma ukuqonda kugucuka kwamakhemikhali ngokuningiliziwe, kubalulekile ukuba ucacise konke amangqamuzana Lesisemkhatsini izakhiwo. Ezinjalo njengoba isibonelo:

• pyruvic acid;
• diphosphate adenosine;
• i-molecule nikotinamindifosfata njengoba hydrogen Transporter nabanye.

Nokho, le nkinga kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile futhi kufanele kubhekwe ngokombono we-biochemistry, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nomthelela kulesi sihloko. Ukuhlolisisa lokho ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ubisi lokho okuxoxwa ngayo izinhlobo ukuvutshelwa khona.

ukuvutshelwa homofermentative

ukuvutshelwa Homofermentative of acidosis acid kuhilela ukusetshenziswa lokuhlelekile kwetinhlobo letikhetsekile kwamagciwane futhi ihluke heterofermentative ukuthola imikhiqizo kanye nobungako babo. Kuthatha indawo endleleni glycolytic ngaphakathi amaseli silwanyana. Iphuzu liwukuthi, sisonke kusuka kunoma iyiphi ukuvutshelwa e ukuguqulwa carbohydrate ku acidosis acid. Inzuzo enkulu yale nqubo wukuthi isivuno umkhiqizo oyifunayo kwaba 90%. Kuphela ingxenye esele eya ukuxhumana ohlangothini.

I-bacterium lwalungabola lolu hlobo lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus nabanye.

Yiziphi ezinye izinto akhiwa ngenxa ukuvutshelwa homofermentative? It kuhlanganisa ezifana:

• ETHYL utshwala;
• acid oluyingozi;
• carbon dioxide;
• fumaric acid succinic acid.

Nokho, kule mboni, lokhu indlela yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo omuncu ubisi cishe akazange asebenzise. Wahlala emvelweni njengoba esigabeni sokuqala glycolysis, kuyenzeka imisipha amaseli ezincelisayo kanye nokuvivinya umzimba ngendlela ebanzi.

Ubuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni umsoco womuntu kwemikhiqizo oyifunayo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa umthombo carbohydrate, njenge:

• glucose;
• sucrose;
• fructose;
• mannose;
• isitashi nabanye.

A amagciwane homofermentative abakwazi oxidize eziningi zalezi compounds, ukusebenzisa kwakhe ukuziqalela amasiko ekukhiqizeni akunakwenzeka.

Heterofermentative acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa

Le ndlela ncamashi ngokuphakeme ezimbonini esebenzayo ngenxa okuyinto ukukhiqiza isifika yonke imikhiqizo yobisi, imifino ekheniwe Kwenziwa, kukhona ifolishi billet silage.

Umehluko omkhulu kusukela echazwe ngaphambilini - wukuthi ukuvutshelwa acidosis activators eyenziwa ukwakha inombolo enkulu nge-imikhiqizo. 50% kuphela ushukela kusingathwa acidosis acid amagciwane, kuyilapho abanye uya ekwakhekeni molecule ezifana:

• acetic acid;
• glycerol;
• carbon dioxide;
• ETHYL utshwala kanye nezinye.

Yini engcono futhi ezishibhile kumiswa 90% okumsulwa acidosis acid nge indlela homofermentative? Into wukuthi uma umkhiqizo main ezivezwa kakhulu, impilo amagciwane amaningi engasenamahloni nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla eziningi ulahlekelwa izimfanelo ukunambitheka ukuthi ozotholwa ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana ohlangothini. Ngokwesibonelo, iphunga elimnandi imifino ekheniwe olunikezwa acetic acid kanye utshwala isoamyl. Uma lezi zakhi akuzona, umphumela uyoba kulondolozwe ihluke kakhulu.

acidosis acid isivuno 50% kwanele ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza zonke isikhunta nezingahlobene nendaba nezinto ezincane eziphilayo ohlelweni. Ngoba ngisho 1-2% imbangela acidification engahlula imvelo, okungakwazi khona yimuphi omunye umzimba, ngaphandle acidosis acid amagciwane. Yonke inqubo yenziwa phezu pentose phosphate indlela.

Imigomo nge heterofermentative ukuvutshelwa indlela kuyakuba kanje:

• imvubelo ezinhle futhi fresh yengezwe lapho besanda kuqala;
• zezemvelo elikhulu, okuyinto zikhethwa ngomkhiqizo ngamunye ngamunye;
• eliphezulu futhi imishini kahle ngokomthetho;
• wonke lamakhono abalulekile ukuze inqubo amadivaysi technical.

Phakathi isimo Okubaluleke kakhulu yinqubo lokushisa. Akufanele kube kakhulu, kodwa nse abandayo futhi ngokushesha yonke inkambo yokuhle ukuvutshelwa.

Namuhla kukhona ezikhethekile ukuvutshelwa isitsha, okuyinto kudala ngokuzenzakalelayo bonke izimo ezidingekile umsebenzi ilungile futhi ukhululekile of nezilwanyana ezincane.

Kudingeka imishini

Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, phakathi izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu okumelwe ziphawulwe ukuvutshelwa isitsha. Uma sikhuluma ukuziphatha yasekhaya inqubo, khona-ke kufanele sinake ekuhlanzekeni izinto asetshenziswe ukulondolozwa, ukukhiqizwa yogurt kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Enye indlela oveza nokuncipha kwenani kwenani amazwe nezilwanyana ezincane kuyinto inzalo iziqukathi ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise.

Yini Cookware kufanelekile ukuvutshelwa heterofermentative? Kungenzeka ingilazi noma izinga okusezingeni plastic (polypropylene, polyethylene) esitsheni okuyinto abazokwazi isivalo uvalwe waqiniswa.

Esikhathini umkhakha sebenzisa idivaysi esikhethekile magciwane futhi wahlanza isitsha ngaphambi inqubo ukuvutshelwa.

I-bacterium esetshenziswayo

Uma sikhuluma isiko lama-bacterium awusizo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo okusemathinini futhi avalele, kungenzeka ukuhlonza ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile eziphilayo.

1. Acidophilus imbewu eletha isiBulgaria.
2. inulinus Lactobacillus zinhlobo Sporolactobacillus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leykonostoki.
5. Acidosis acid cocci.
6. Lactobacilli zinhlobo L. Casei.
7. Ama-bacterium bohlobo lwe-Streptococcus nabanye.

Ngokuhlanganisa namasiko okumsulwa ezikhonjwe eziphilayo senziwa lwalungabola imikhiqizo yobisi. Zitholakala esidlangalaleni, bangathenga noma ubani. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqaphele le mibandela yenqubo ukuvutshelwa ukuze bazuze umkhiqizo okuholela.

Yini imikhiqizo etholakala ngenxa yale ayabila?

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho uhlobo imikhiqizo ukuvutshelwa ingatholakala ngosizo acidosis acid amagciwane, kungenzeka uma sibala izigaba eziyinhloko ambalwa.

1. Dairy imikhiqizo kagesi (isibilile nezitini ubisi, iyogathi, Varentsov, yogurt, cottage shizi, ukhilimu omuncu, ibhotela, imikhiqizo acidophilic, njll).
2. Okuphakelayo silos izilwane wezolimo.
3. Acidosis acid, esetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni iziphuzo ezibandayo, ukushuka uboya nokunye.
4. Ukubhaka, ushizi making.
5. Ukuwafaka izithelo nemifino.

Konke lokhu kufakazela ukubaluleka ezithile zama-bacterium ezimpilweni zabantu, nemisebenzi yabo ezimbonini.