Izinhlobo umthetho: izici eziyinhloko

Umthetho buyinto ebaluleke futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo. izinhlobo zomlando amalungelo ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo sokubonisa yonke inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phela, nabo basuke baphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo eladabuka ezinsukwini zakuqala zamandulo. Emphakathini wanamuhla, ukwazi izinhlobo eziyisisekelo amalungelo kufanele zonke izakhamuzi self-ukuhlonipha.

izincazelo eyisisekelo

Kwesokudla - uhlelo kuphoqelekile zonke izinkambiso zomphakathi yokuziphatha ukuthi kukhona amandla sibhekwe, osungulwe futhi kugunyazwe amabutho isimo.

Inhloso efanele - iqoqo imithetho amandla futhi ezithile esisemthethweni zomthetho, okudala futhi inikeza uhulumeni ngenhloso olawula ubudlelwane emphakathini.

Subjective kwesokudla - Imitha nokuziphatha okwamukelekayo ngokomthetho, kuhloswe ukwanelisa nezithakazelo we yisakhamuzi.

Umqondo uhlobo umthetho - eyinkimbinkimbi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yomthetho, uvele enkathini ethile.

imithetho ngezigaba

NgokukaProfesa Leystoma OE ilungelo uhlukaniswe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• isigaba sezenhlalo;
• nomphakathi;
• esisemthethweni.

SI Arkhipov kuphakamisa ngezigaba zindlela ezinhlanu:

• a genesis ezivamile;
• ubuqotho kwesakhiwo;
• umphakathi umthombo;
• ezijayelekileko;
• ukungaguquguquki kwetheminoloji.

izimpawu kwesokudla

Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokulungile nezinye izindinganiso zomphakathi kungenzeka izici zayo isici:

1. Ukuba semthethweni jikelele. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi kuphela ilungelo inkambiso kwezenhlalo kuphoqelekile zonke lomphakathi, ophilayo ensimini ka esimweni esithile. Ngenxa yalesi sici unekhono ukwenza ilungelo lokuphila umphakathi onobunye futhi uzinzile. Ngokuphathelene nezinye izindlela namazinga nabantu, bayakwethemba ukuthi siyadingeka, kodwa kuphela idlanzana elithile labantu.
2. izincazelo loluhlelekile. Ngaphansi kwalo ngemvume izenzo zomthetho - akuyona umqondo nje kothile noma ukucabanga, ngokoqobo okuqinile, njengoba beye owawusekelwe ngesimo nemithetho, imithethonqubo, imithetho kanye nemiyalelo. Ngenxa yalesi umthetho ncamashi kubonise izimfuneko okumelwe zigcinwe abantu ukuziphatha kwabo.
3. ngokuzimisela efanele amandla sibhekwe isimo. Izinhlobo kwamalungelo wobuntu ngokuvumelana ngesisekelo ukusebenza uma kwenzeka okungalindelekile ehilela izinhlawulo isimo.
4. izicelo eziningi. Eqinisweni, izinkambiso zomthetho awapheli, njengoba asetshenziswa esingenamkhawulo ukuthi izimo ezahlukene.
5. Vele ugcine kwesokudla. Kwesokudla, okokuqala kunakho konke, okuhloswe ngaso inkulumo jikelele intando siqu noma isakhamuzi. Inhloso Its main - ukuba bagomela igunya izimiso ahluleli among the labantu.

typology amalungelo

Typology komthetho limelela ngezigaba zayo ezithile. izinhlobo zezimiso zomthetho ezakhiwe izindlela eziningana:

1. Isiqalo nesigcino kusondela formational futhi civilizational.
2. Sondelani, okusekelwe izinkomba ezindawo, zinhlobo kazwelonke mlando ngokukhethekile-zomthetho, ezenkolo nangezinye.

Ukuze indlela kumiswa libhekene izici zenhlalo-mnotho. Uhlobo phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi kulokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. It is ngesisekelo salokhu akhiwa umthetho izinhlobo. Bobane ngesikhathi indlela enikeziwe. izinhlobo zomlando zokulungile - senceku, izinduna, wobunxiwankulu kanye sezenhlalo.

Ngaphansi kohlaka indlela civilizational yilezi ezilandelayo ezintathu izinhlobo amalungelo:

1. uthi sidilizwa.
2. uthi Medieval.
3. uthi Modern.

Ngokusho indlela, ngokusekelwe izinhlobo zenkolo, ezindawo kanye nezinye ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana lezi zinhlobo kwamalungelo:

1. I kazwelonke esimisweni somthetho. Kuyaqondakala njengoba ngokomlando kwakheka iqoqo elithile amalungelo, imisebenzi zomthetho ezingokoqobo futhi imibono evelele endaweni koMbuso ethile.
2. umndeni Yomthetho. It kwachazwa ngokuthi iqembu lemikhaya zomthetho, ekuhlanganiseni ngokusebenzisa umthombo ovamile, isakhiwo kanye endleleni zomlando. Kukhona imindeni emithathu zomthetho: i-Romano-zamaJalimane,-Anglo-American futhi okungokwenkolo.

isigqila kwesokudla

umthetho Nceku kuchazwa njengoba intando sabanikazi bezigqila, wenziwa umthetho. It sinikezwe izici ezilandelayo:

• umnikazi Nceku engenayo imingcele maqondana nezenzo sabo sengqondo izigqila.
• abantu Mahhala are lingana komunye nomunye.
• Abesilisa njengabakhulu kunani abesifazane, uyise ephakeme izingane.
• Indawo yokuhlala yomuntu - sikhungo enkabeni komthetho. Umzamo kuba ezifanelwe yisigwebo sokufa.
• Iqhaza oqavile eyadlalwa ngokwezifiso zomthetho.
• Umtsetfo wesintfu alubhaliwe ukusekelwa.
• YeKambiso nezokuphatha sandulela - ngesisekelo zonke izisekelo amalungelo senceku-enamaphiko.

umthetho izinduna

umthetho izinduna libizwa yeNkosi, wenziwa umthetho. Uhlu izici zako ezisemqoka:

• Abantu abagqugquzela ukusetshenziswa landholdings esikhulu izinduna njengabantu ngabanye.
• Isekela ukungalingani phakathi amakilasi kanye amakilasi sabantu.
• Isekela serfdom.
• Gentlemen kungukuthi abadliwa ukuthobela izinhlobo umthetho.
• Kukhona nangobudlova angenamkhawulo phezu ingxenye ezingalungile iNkosi ezibiza ngokuthi kuya ongumlimi wemboni sabantu.
• Ilungelo akuyona ihlukaniswe ezimele kanye nekahulumeni.
• Ukuxazululwa kokuphikisana nokusetshenziswa force ezibhekwa eyamukelekayo.
• Ibandla unendima ebalulekile emthethweni amakhosi asendulo.

umthetho wobunxiwankulu

umthetho Onxiwankulu limelela intando onxiwankulu, wenziwa umthetho. It libhekene:

• Ilungelo kuyinto wokuziphilisa, okungukuthi, akuhlangene nenkolo.
• I imishini lomthetho ezingeni eliphezulu.
• Uhlelo legatsha komthetho kuba branched.
• Umthetho ihlukaniswe ngokucacile ezimele kanye nekahulumeni.
• Umthetho ungumthombo oyinhloko umthetho.
• Ucala kutfutfukisa uhlobo kwezenhlalo komthetho.
• Umthetho uyakuqaphela mshado wasehhovisi ehlukile.
• Indima umyeni e ubuhlobo bomkhaya ulahlekelwa amandla yayo yangaphambili.
• Ziyisijeziso kuhilelani kuyicala zezombusazwe, hhayi izinkolelo zenkolo.
• Iba Izinyunyana esisemthethweni.
• Betebulungiswa yaba igatsha ahlukene, kanye esiphezulu.

umthetho sezenhlalo

kwesokudla Social has a uhlamvu ezahlukene kanye imiqondo ehlukene zonke izigaba yentuthuko yayo. Isigaba sokuqala kuyisinyathelo yekwakha isimo sezenhlalo. Lesi sigaba sizalwa nawo intando yesigaba sabasebenzi, le nezihlakaniphi ukusebenza kanye abalimi, wenziwa umthetho.

Isigaba sesibili ewela esigabeni socialism kakade athuthukile, uma umthetho Kwakhiwani intando bonke abantu. umthetho Socialist has izici ezilandelayo:

• Ukuze ukulingana, nobuntu, alinganayo nombuso wentando yeningi.
• Okungaguquki amandla isesekeli abantu.
• Isigaba sokuqala esivela welungelo ukungalingani. Priority kunikezwa sabasebenzi amakilasi azihlanganisa.
• Esigabeni of limenyezelwe yayo kazwelonke yesibili.
• Yathi ilawulwe isimo, kodwa umkhuba izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo angagcwaliseki.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho

Umthetho kumiswa kuthinta izinto eziningi ezahlukene. Lesi simo siholela ukudalwa ezihlukahlukene izindlela ekutadisheni umthetho nokuqeda eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezahlukene.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke theory yinye kuvame ungeqisi kolunye uhlangothi ilungelo, igasele ngaphandle ngesikhathi abanye. ifomu yabo inqubo yentuthuko ziyahlukahluka, futhi ngenxa yalokho kube yimanje kwavela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho kanje:

1. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho wemvelo. Baqala ukuvela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okwazalelwa ngomsuka wayo ibizwa ngokuthi sidilizwa IGrisi NeRoma sidilizwa. Ziyasebenza Yini Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha kanye nobulungiswa umthetho, esivela ubunjalo babantu, uzama Bona ubuye uchaze ngisho noPlato. owakheke ngokugcwele ifomu imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngamalungelo angokwemvelo yazuza ekhulwini 17-18 kohlaka imisebenzi Hobbes Radishcheva, Locke nabanye. Umsebenzi wabo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesokunene nezinhlanu umthetho. Thina sebebeka isisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela Grotius, Diderot, Rousseau nabanye. Ingqikithi yalo umthetho wemvelo kunqunywa yokuthi akukho kuphela ukudala isimo esihle, kodwa emi ngaphezu kwelungelo lakhe zemvelo. Ayafana naso ngoba sonke isibalo sabantu futhi banikwa kuye ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. ukuqaliswa yabo liyadingeka, kusukela umthombo akuyona isimo kodwa kakhulu isimo somuntu.
2. School zomlando Yomthetho. Ingabe athuthukiswe 18-19 eminyaka amabutho uHugo, Savigny, Puchta. Kulesi theory ngaphansi komthetho siqondwa njengoba umkhiqizo isimo esingokomoya sabantu, izinkolelo wezomthetho umphakathi. Ilungelo has a uhlamvu kazwelonke, futhi akuxhomekile umbono subjective of the state.
3. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho normative. Elulele among the ntu ngaphakathi lesithathu lokuqala lwamashumi amabili amabutho ekhulwini Kedzena, uyangingiza, Novgorodtseva. Kelzen lochazwe kwesokudla njengoba zibalwa ngokwendlela iphiramidi wokwehlayo lapho ebusa "Izinga eliyisisekelo". Wayibiza ngokuthi uMthethosisekelo. Isisekelo kanye izinyathelo zokuqala mbhoshongo kukhona izivumelwano, imithetho zokuphatha, imicabango yabantu zamajaji kanye nezinye izenzo uhlamvu ngabanye. Okuningi enamandla kusuka iphuzu lomthetho umbono, izinyathelo, ukunikeza semthethweni yayo ngoba ephansi. theory zomthetho akufanele incike yekuphila. Kuyinto ngempumelelo usesimweni esigculisayo ehlola igunya amalungelo ngabanye kanye nenkululeko.
4. ithiyori lwezenhlalo komthetho. Eyesibili isigamu yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Abasunguli - Ehrlich, Murom, Kantorowicz nabanye. Kudinga nokuvuleka njalo lenkululeko kwemtsetfo lamajaji. Ngeke kubhekwe kuyinsakavukela, kuvunywe ngokomthetho. It unaka ngokukhethekile ukuya kwesokudla, njengoba ubudlelwane zomthetho phakathi kwabantu. Ijaji kubhekwe umdali komthetho.
5. Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho. It ludabuka ezindaweni 20 sibonga ekhulwini imisebenzi Ross, Petrazhitsky, Tarde. Ilungelo ihlukane izingxenye ezimbili - i-positive futhi enembile.
6. Imfundiso kaMarx umthetho. Eyesibili isigamu yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Abasunguli kukhona Marx, Friedrich Engels futhi uVladimir Lenin. Ilungelo kuchazwa njengoba intando isigaba kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe elibusayo. Ilungelo kunqunywa ngokuphelele isimo.

imisebenzi kwesokudla

Imisebenzi yomthetho ibandakanya:

• kwezomnotho;
• zezombusazwe;
• zemfundo;
• ngemibono;
• neyobuntu;
• zokulawula;
• ukuxhuma umthombolwazi kude.

Ngamunye wabo odlala indima enkulu ekusungulweni umthetho.