"Zyklon B": wonke umlando, ikakhulukazi zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo

"Zyklon B" - lokhu kuyinto ushevu sinamandla kakhulu, manje esetshenziswa emikhakheni eyehlukene ukukhiqiza kwezolimo. Nokho, udumo enkulu aluthola isikhali ukuba kuqothulwe sabantu amaNazi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Njengoba lokhu chemical ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwamagama ehlukene ukugwema ukuzihlanganisa esabekayo.

Okufingqiwe

"Zyklon B" kuyinto zinambuzane esiyingqayizivele. Lesi sigaba amakhemikhali ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukwenza ibhizinisi lezolimo. Selokhu yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, yayisetshenziswa ukulawula izinambuzane nezilwanyana eziwuhlupho. Zinambuzane ukubulala eziningi eziyingozi amagciwane ukudla namasiko. Bangaphinde ukuvikela ukhuni ezibangelwa ukugqwala by izinambuzane ezehlukene. "Zyklon B" senziwa ngesisekelo hydrocyanic acid.

Ngu uqobo, butholakala izitshalo eziningi, igesi zezimboni ngisho ugwayi. Nokho, inani elikhulu acid kuyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Kusekelwe hydrogen cyanide. Lesi sakamuva has asebenzayo chemical izakhiwo. Hydrocyanic acid ayinakho umbala, kodwa has a iphunga elikhanyayo. Ubuthi molecule alula kakhulu kunomoya molecule emoyeni, ngenxa yalokhu acid oluyingozi kakhulu futhi wathutha kalula.

Qala zocwaningo

Ukusebenza amakhemikhali njengoba izikhali waqala ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. ubuthi amaningi, njengamasayithi lwesinaphi, lethiwa usendaweni ibutho elilwayo ukusetshenziswa kuqala. Ngemva kwempi, iJalimane wayengeke abe siqu amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba uthumele amabutho main ukufunda izindlela uyaca lesitha. Inhloko Ucwaningo Fritz Haber, ngubani iminyaka emine ngaphambi ukuthi iwine uMklomelo KaNobel. Fritz kusukela 1911 ukwenza ekuthuthukisweni imfihlo ngaphansi kobuholi siqu Kaiser.

Haber, kanye nabanye bamakhemikhali isiJalimane, wazama ukwakha ushevu entsha eyayizosiza udlulele ngalé wonke akhona. Phakathi iMpi Enkulu, eJalimane wawumatasa esetshenziswa chlorine. Nokho, esinda kakhulu futhi kancane. Ngemuva zokuqala yimpumelelo kuhlasela umbimbi ifakwe ingxenye yayo phambi amakhambi zamakhemikhali. Ngakho ukuthi amasosha aba isikhathi ukugqoka buso, njengoba kubonakala ezinwabuzelayo ifu elimhlophe. Ososayensi wakucabangela lokhu kusimo futhi yabhekisela prussic acid.

Ukudalwa "Cyclone"

Cyanide, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo ushevu, isibe kakhulu "ethandwa" eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi. Wathola ezihlukahlukene izicelo. Luftwaffe pilot baye njalo kwadingeka umfuma e nekhabethe lemithi, bangayeki abahlala ekuthunjweni. Futhi bonke abantu abanegama zombuso wamaNazi ngenxa ngonyaka wamashumi amane nanhlanu izitsha eziyisikhombisa ezifana ngokoqobo emazinyweni. Gaber waqala ukusebenzisa cyanide wamletha izakhiwo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, sakha "Cyclone B" ngonyaka wamashumi amabili-yesibili. inzuzo wayesesibhedlela isimo uquqaba. Zonke ekhona ngaphambi ubuthi elwa kukhona gaseous, futhi "Cyclone" iyona adsorbent. Gypsum elimbudumbudu ayegcwele hydrocyanic acid babeyizinceku ungeze ejenti eliletha ukuthula futhi methyl. Granules lalihlukene enobuthi igesi kungenambala amahora ambalwa.

"Zyklon B": umphumela emzimbeni womuntu

Ubuthi enza umzimba womuntu ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuya ngokuthi umthamo. Lapho kunqotshwa endaweni evulekile sokufa ingagwenywa ngokumesaba okuhlinzeka izikhungo zokunakekela zezokwelapha ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngisho ngezibonakaliso eziqinile ubuthi zenzeka emva kwemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu ayisithupha. Leli fomu ngokuthi ubuthi kancane esilazayo. ukudakwa Khanyisa kuhilela isicanucanu, isiyezi, ukunambitheka ezingemnandi emlonyeni. Sinzima imisipha ukukhathala kuholela kufushane okunzima umoya lapho enza ukuthi ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba ngisho ezincane. Zonke izimpawu zokudakwa omnene -Kwathi emva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Izimpawu ezilandelayo wanezela ifomu isilinganiso lokudakwa: ukuhhema, ukulahlekelwa njalo ukwazi, ukuquleka, wehlise izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, siwasebenzise isikhumba zombala. Izimpawu kungathatha isonto lonke, lapho kokungenela yezokwelapha angasigwema nokulahlekelwa ukwazi.

Isenzo "Zyklon B" endaweni evalelekile liyabulala. Uma ushevu eziningi igesi enobuthi kubantu eba ifomu fulminant lokudakwa. Ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa umuntu ulahlekelwa ukwazi. Khona-ke ukuphefumula njalo nokushaya kwenhliziyo. ukuquleka eziphikelelayo cishe akumvimbi. Ukuphefumula uyama ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa, futhi kwayo kamuva kuyizindlela zokufa.

Isicelo lwamaNazi

igesi umphumela "Zyklon B" kubantu yaqale ihlolwe ngo-1941. Ngo ekamu lokuhlushwa sase- Auschwitz lalisetshenziswa ngokumelene POWs Soviet kulezi ziboshwa nakwezinye. Umqalisi ubuthi esenziwa Karl Fritsch. Negesi eziqhutshwa fast kakhulu futhi aluhileli izindleko. "Zyklon B" ezivezwa nkampani German "Degesh", okuyinto ezikhiqizwa amakhemikhali for control inkathazo. amakhilogramu Chotyroh ka "Cyclone" kwanele ukubulala izinkulungwane zabantu. Le ndlela lokubulala sivunyiwe oborshturmbannfyurerom SS Rudolf Hossom. Lokhu yena ngokwakhe wathi ngaleso eNuremberg amacala nempi nokulingwa.

Ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa kuphela amaqembu 'ukufa. " Khona-ke, odokotela ekamu waqala ukuthatha iziboshwa ababegula amasonto lemine. Futhi kule esinobuthi ngizoqothulwa iziboshwa abakwazi ukusebenza. Isenzo amaNazi senile bathandile zinhlayiya. I-Auschwitz igesi ekamelweni abantu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili zadalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngemva kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakusakazwa kwamanye amakamu okuhlushwa.

Iqembu "Zyklon B"

Eqhathanisa Association of ushevu Sinesithakazelo kuye kusukela ukunyakaza eziningi ezinkulu. Ikakhulukazi, Russian kudoti-rock band wathatha igama negama ubuthi. Iqembu "Zyklon B" kulandela kokubusa ukubukwa ubuzwe. Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo yobuhle lobuNazi, cishe, futhi kwaholela kukhethwa igama.

Iqembu zomculo kwaba bemthanda Abashisekeli bezwe futhi kwesokudla-wing izigilamkhuba. Kodwa-ke bahlukana ngo-2007. Izingoma eziningi leqembu sangena irejista ziyingozi izinto akuvunyelwe. Noma kunjalo, amalungu eqembu lakwazi ukugwema ukuboshwa. Ngo-2016, zamemezela ukudalwa iphrojekthi entsha yomculo. Theme ingoma lamahubo lilingana, kodwa igama lashintshwa laba "ukuphikiswa".