Yikuphi idolobha Russia bamelana amabutho-Mongolian ngesikhathi kokuquleka?

Mongol-Tatar ayehlasela yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezombusazwe, kwezomnotho kanye namasiko yeRussia. Ukungenelwa imihambuma Asia Ephakathi okubangelwa negagasi ukumelana labantu bethu. Nokho, inani labantu abathile nemizana enezivikelo eziqinile, ababethanda ukuba lizinikele lingalwanga, owawina lo ngezinye izikhathi ebabayo basindiswa. Ake sithole ukuthi yini imizi Russia bamelana amabutho Mongol?

INGEMUVA amaMongol ahlasele ka Rus '

Omkhulu-Mongolian Umkhuzi uGenghis Khan kusungulwa umbuso omkhulu ogama indawo kosayizi kuzo zonke kuze uthi ke ekhona. Ngisho phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe izindimbane ayimizulane ehlasela izikhala we Azov Sea, lapho Battle of the River Kalka kudluliswa ibutho Russian-Polovtsian. Kukholakala ukuthi kwaba kwesimo endaweni sisebenza, eklanyelwe okwengeziwe badedele amaMongol AmaTatar indlela eMpumalanga Yurophu.

Inhloso ye-ukunqoba kwabantu baseYurophu wabelwa inzalo ka indodana uGenghis Khan, Jochi, okuyinto ibekelwe i ulus ifa entshonalanga ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Isinqumo ukumasha ngasentshonalanga senziwe vsemongolskom Kurultai e 1235. Ehola elikhulu Mongol ibutho wayeyindodana Jochi , Batu Khan (Batu).

Okokuqala ngaphansi kwengcindezi amabutho bakhe banyukubala Khanate Bulgarian. Wabe esethuthela namabutho akhe kule principalities Russian. Phakathi ayehlasela Batu zashaqwa amadolobha amakhulu Russia, njengoba kuzoxoxwa ngezansi ngokuningiliziwe. Kancane nenhlanhla ngaphezulu kanye nezakhamuzi izindawo zasemakhaya, ngoba izilimo ayekhanyelwa, futhi abaningi babo noma abafa noma badingiselwa ekuthunjweni.

Ngakho ake sibone ukuthi yini emzini Russia bamelana amabutho-Mongolian.

Siege of Ryazan

Ukubalwa kokuqala kwenziwa emadolobheni isiRashiya Mongol amandla umthelela lakuthola Ryazan. Bevikela umuzi wahola Prince Ryazanskiy Yuriy Igorevich, ngubani ubesizwa umshana wakhe Oleg I Ryazan.

Ngemva kokuqala ukuvinjezelwa Ryazan yabonisa izimangaliso ubuqhawe futhi siqine edolobheni. Bona ngempumelelo wacasulwa Mongol ukuhlaselwa phakathi nezinsuku ezinhlanu. Kodwa ke AmaTatar alethwe nokuvimbezela kwawo izikhali, okuyinto baye bafunda ukusebenzisa, ukulwa ngaphezulu China. Ngalezi izindawo lobuchwepheshe bakwazi ukudiliza izindonga Ryazan futhi bawuthathe umuzi izinsuku ezintathu. Kwathi ngo-December 1237.

Prince Igor Y. wabulawa Oleg Ingvarevich ekuthunjweni labantu Ryazan ngokwengxenye sekuhlatshiwe, ngokwengxenye babalekela emahlathini, futhi umuzi uyabhujiswa ngokuphelele futhi ungalokothi ezingaphezu kuka endaweni Akazange abuyiselwe.

Ukuthatha uVladimir

Ngemva kokuba lo Ryazan ngaphansi Mongol ingcindezi banyukubala nakwamanye amadolobha. State eRussia ngesimo principalities ngenxa kwehlukana yayo akakwazi ukunikeza wenqaba esifanelekayo isitha. AmaMongol bathunjwa Kolomna naseMoscow. Ekugcineni Tatar sebutho seza edolobheni laseVladimir, bashiya phambi kwakhe Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Izakhamizi waqala ukulungiselela for ekuvinjezelweni esindayo. UVladimir idolobha eRussia lasendulo yayiyisikhungo ezinkulu zezomnotho nezombusazwe, futhi amaMongol waqonda ukubaluleka ekahle.

Abaholi balezi ukuzivikela idolobha ngokungabi bikho uyise wathatha abantwana bakwa- Grand Prince Vladimir futhi Mstislav Vsevolod Yurevichi futhi Voevoda Potr Oslyadyukovich. Noma kunjalo, uVladimir lalingaba izinsuku ezine kuphela. Ngo-February 1238, wawela. I abavikeli lokugcina edolobheni baphephela emihumeni kweNyuka Cathedral, kodwa zibanika kuphela nkululeko encane ekufeni. Ngemva kwenyanga, ukunqotshwa sokugcina Prince uVladimir Russia Yuri Vsevolodovich lasetshenziswa the River City. Kulesi impi wabulawa.

Kozelsk - "City Emibi"

Lapho kuphakama umbuzo ngokuqondene, yini imizi Russia bamelana amabutho-Mongolian, qiniseka ukuthi ukukhumbula Kozelsk. Ukumelana yakhe nobuqhawe kufanele langena izincwadi emlandweni wezwe lakithi.

Ngaphambi ngasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli 1238 amaMongol weza edolobheni elincane Kozelsk okuyinto laliyinhloko-dolobha i-ubukhulu elizimele, elisedolobheni ezweni Chernigov. Prince uVasili kwakukhona abayishumi nambili izinhlobo Olegoviches. Kodwa naphezu lingakanani, futhi lisafufusa umbusi, Kozelsk kwadingeka ukumelana ende futhi angakhuluma amaMongol kuzo zonke izinqaba isiRashiya, ngaphambi kuhlanganiswe. Ngokulinganiswa lula Batu ethumba emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Russia, futhi leli dolobha elincane wakwazi ukuthatha kuphela ngokubeka izindonga zawo amasosha engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine abakhethiwe-Mongolian. Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwadonsa amasonto ayisikhombisa.

Ngenxa intengo ezibizayo ukuthi kwadingeka bakhokhele ukulala ukuthatha Batu Kozelsk, wayaleza mabangabe basibiza ngokuthi "muzi omubi." Yonke abantu kwakusekungazini zibulawa. Kodwa buthaka yibutho Mongol waphoqeleka ukuba ubuyele asemaqeleni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthathe isikhathi ukuba kufe umuntu dolobha Russia - Kiev.

Ukufa Kiev

Noma kunjalo, ezinsukwini ezizayo 1239 amaMongol baqhubeka lwawo lweminyaka entshonalanga babuya emaqeleni, bona zishiswe Chernigov, futhi ekwindla 1240 weza Kiev - unina amadolobha Russian.

Ngesikhathi kwaba inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia ngokusemthethweni kuphela, nakuba Lahlala idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke. Elawulwa Kiev Prince Galician-Volynskiy Daniil. Lawula idolobha, wabeka tysyatskogo yakhe Dmitriev, owayehola ekumeleleni amaMongol.

Ngu izindonga Kiev waya cishe lonke ibutho-Mongolian, iqhaza emkhankasweni entshonalanga. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo edolobheni lakwazi ukuqhuba kuzo izinyanga ezintathu, ngakolunye - wawa ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye nje.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa Kiev amaMongol ihlasela iRussia ngo-Galicia, bakuphi ikakhulukazi ukumelana nenkani kwadingeka Danilov, Kremenets futhi Hill. Ngemva bamba kula madolobhana yokunqoba amaMongol umhlaba Russian ingathiwa njengoba igcwaliswe.

Imiphumela ukuthatha imizi Russian of amaMongol

Ngakho ukuthi yimuphi emadolobheni Russia bamelana amabutho-Mongolian. Behlelwa yilo mshophi kusukela amaMongol ahlasele kakhulu. Population zizinhle ukuthengisa ebugqilini, futhi neze - ngokuphelele ukuphuma. Ngokwabo njengoba edolobheni eshile bawubhubhisa phansi. Nokho, iningi labo wakwazi kabusha kamuva. Nokho, ukuzithoba kanye ukugcwaliseka kwazo zonke nezidingo amaMongol njengoba umlando ubonisa, akuqinisekisi edolobheni, ukuthi wayengeke bunjalo.

Noma kunjalo, ngemva amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, ababusi Russian lwaqina, sithembele kuhlanganise emzini, futhi bakwazi kabusha wazonda Mongol-Tatar ijoka. Kwabe sekuqala inkathi okwakungenziwa Muscovite Russia.