Kuyini drift? izinhlobo drift

Okwamanje, incazelo yegama elithi "drift" singasebenza ezindaweni eziningana isayensi. Leli gama osebenza ku geography, futhi yokukhanya namandla anatomy, nezinye izindawo eziningi.

ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi

Ngo-1912 usosayensi German Alfred Wegener ezihlongozwayo theory heuristic ukunyakaza esingapheliyo uquqaba ezwekazini. iziphetho ezinjalo benziwa sokuma, ngokusekelwe imibono yabo siqu nokwatholakala. Yini ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi? Wegener wasikisela ukuthi amazwekazi ziyahamba njalo, kodwa izinga lincane kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba uzizwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lo mbiko yabangela ukugxekwa nokuklolodelwa emhlabeni yesayensi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi wavulwa eside ngaphambi sokuma-German. Esikhathini 1620s the Umthandi womculo owaziwa Frensis Bekon waphawula emibhalweni yakhe umbhalo wesandla ka-abanye okufanayo uhlaka ugu lweNyakatho Melika nase-Afrika. Ngesisekelo amanothi wakhe kamuva emashumini ukucabanga ukuthuthela amazwekazi babegwedla engumFulentshi Franco Plaka, bese German uTheodore Lilienthal. Ngo 1858, isazi semfundiso yenkolo American Antonio Snider aphakanyisiwe umbono olukhulu ngokwengeziwe ukuthi emva Ukupholisa ngomoya surface eMhlabeni akuyona singamelana nokucindezela futhi waqhekeka waba izicucu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi engakaze kungase kutholakale. Engxenyeni enkulu ye-Europe ne-United States, lo mbono namanje sinqatshelwe. Noma kunjalo, ngawo-1960 okuqala, ososayensi Soviet baphetha ngokuthi Wegener izahlulelo ziyiqiniso. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, nomqondo fiksizma waqhubeka emelela owaziwa izazi zokuma komhlaba Russian MA Usov futhi S. emahhulahhubhu.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Alfred Wegener ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke ngenhloso yokwazi essence umthombo wakho konke ukuphila emhlabeni. Ngesisekelo idatha eziningi ngenxa mikhankaso sokuma German sinqume ukuthi wonke amazwekazi Ukwakheka efanayo kwesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi uye wafakazela ezivamile nezilwane kuzosetshenziswa izinto ezinikeza amandla izitshalo amazwekazi esikhathini esidlule. Futhi ukufana kwakungasetshenziswa futhi esishintshashintshayo zezulu.

Ngokusho Wegener lokuqala kwakukhona ungqimba egwadle phezu emhlabeni. Nge Kusachutjekwa zohlobo bagxila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi endaweni prakontinent esikhulu ngokuthi Pangea. Lokhu kumiswa luhlehlela eminyakeni million 500 BC It is ke bakha praokean olulodwa. Ngenxa yalokho ukunyakaza zomhlaba ka Pangea waqala ukuzobhidliza ku izingcezu ezincane. Ngakho kwaba khona ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi.

ukunyakaza Amazwekazi ibangelwa amandla centrifugal ka ukujikeleza Earth. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukukhangana we Ilanga Nenyanga. Ngenxa yalesi kwakukhona estrangement kusukela Eurasia, eNyakatho neMelika bese Afrika. A crevice omkhulu egcwele Atlantic. Ngenxa yalo ukuhlukaniswa of Pangea babé izintaba zase-Andes kanti Cordillera.

Ngenxa yalokho we drift emazweni ase-Afrika nase-Europe ishayisane nomunye, ukwakha i-Alps, zaseHimalaya, le Carpathians nezinye izintaba. Ngokwe-mbono ka Wegener amaphuzu ayinhloko ukujikeleza amazwekazi babe izinti Earth.

ice drift

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi mass eqandisiwe lamanzi ezihambayo ngaphesheya kwezilwandle, izilwandle ngenxa ukugeleza yangaphakathi. Kodwa uyini drift kweqhwa? Lena akuyona ukuhamba ngenkululeko phezu kwamanzi. Kulokhu, ukuhamba zeqhwa olwandle noma kolwandle ngaphansi kwethonya imimoya ezahlukene nemisinga. Iningi ice drift e-Arctic, lapho ucwaningo akagcini ngisho ngosuku. ukunyakaza okunjalo ivezwa ukunyakaza ikakhulu anticyclonic, ngamanye amazwi, ngokwewashi. Ngenxa yalokhu umjikelezo we-ice aphume e-Arctic Ocean ogwini okusakaza Greenland ezintathu. Kuleli endleleni uzodinga yeqhwa encane evela eminyakeni 1 kuya 5 kuye ukuqala spalling. I trajectory ukunyakaza incike ukugeleza ihabhu.

I kuqala into eyingqayizivele wabukela usosayensi Nansen e 1893. Khona-ke emkhunjini "Fram" yakhukhulekela kusukela okusha coast eSiberia kuya oLwandle Greenland. Nansen zilandelwa ukuhlobana izici ice phakathi nayo eneminyaka engu-3 bomkhankaso. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi baye bathola imithetho emibili ebalulekile: yeqhwa isivinini drift cishe 2% concomitant isivinini somoya nendlela yekuhambisa sandla okusezinhliziyweni degrees 30 kuya kwesokudla zamanje. Lezi Nansen kamuva ukuqinisekisile Uprofesa Soviet uVladimir Wiese.

drift ice barometric

Lokhu esiyingqayizivele Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo kusuka 1913 kuya 1940 emanzini Greenland lotifundze inqwaba mikhankaso, futhi zonke ososayensi isikhathi uyavuma ukuthi Nansen tye emibhalweni yakhe futhi wit. Ngo-1930 ngasekupheleni, iSoviet Union yaqala e-Arctic yonke inethiwekhi iziteshi sezulu. Le phrojekthi iholwa usosayensi Zubov.

Ngokolwazi wathola yena nethimba lakhe bakwazi ukukhomba iphetheni drift, okuyinto eyenzeka eduze isobars. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ngokuba amanzi Greenland ibuthakathaka kakhulu, kodwa ngumoya onamandla kakhulu. Nguye wanxusa abase floes kuya ogwini iziqhingi ezinkudlwana. Kusukela drift barometric uvulekele. Yena othumele izimiso ezimbili: 1. Izindawo ice ukunyakaza futhi isobars luqondane. Lapho ukucindezeleka kakhulu kwaphakanyiswa ifasitelana kwesokudla.

2. ijubane lokuya kuyinto inhlukanozigaba ibanga phakathi isobars.

Ngokuphathelene engela degrees 30, ukuphambuka kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya the wokugqwayiza amandla nokungqubuzana.

Drift izakhi zofuzo: ukuhlonza

Emzimbeni womuntu emangqamuzaneni zenzeka izigidi izinqubo ezenzakalelayo. Omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele wabo drift zofuzo. Cishe lena yiyona indlela kuphela kubangelwa imihlola static okungahleliwe. Ngakho-ke yini drift zofuzo? Lolu shintsho zesiphithiphithi ukuvama alleles zezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, ukuhlukahluka labantu.

Mshini lomkhuba itholakala inqubo ukukhiqizwa kabusha, ngenxa esiyingxenye lenqwaba lwegciwane cell, elibizwa ngokuthi gametes. La mangqamuzana abakwazi ukwakha zygote, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile ezingavamile. Kungenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane esiyingqayizivele akhiwa sabantu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukufuduka senhlobo allele imvamisa kungenzeka kuphela maqondana omunye isizukulwane esedlule.

Ngenxa drift ka ukuvela zinhlobo bendawo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lungenzeka ushintsho olunjalo e imvamisa kwenzeka kungakhathaliseki noma yimaphi zici.

Drift izakhi zofuzo: amagagasi labantu

Le nqubo noma kunjalo akuphazamisi eziningana zezinto eziphilayo, ngokuqondene ngamakheshi njalo ulandele recessions. Ososayensi abaningi basaqhubeka sizibuza ukuthi iyona drift zofuzo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lokhu ezifundweni zabo wazama ukuphendula usosayensi Russian Chetverikov. Wakhuluma ekushintshashintsheni zemvelo ngobukhulu labantu. Phakathi ucwaningo kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinqubo neqhaza ekunqumeni ukuvela zonke ekuphileni emhlabeni. ekushintshashintsheni izinombolo abizwa ngokuthi amagagasi labantu. isakhiwo zofuzo Human wakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi ngesikhathi esifanele abelethe enzalweni - umuntu entsha ephilayo yohlobo olufanayo. Izilwane kanye nezitshalo amagagasi labantu encike ngesisekelo indawo. zinhlobo kuphela ikhodi kokuqala zofuzo zingavela endaweni ethile. Noma kunjalo, phezu kwemvelo kule zezilwane nezimila kuyinto alleles wemfanelo.

Drift izakhi zofuzo: ukuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana

I umphumela kuyoba ukunyamalala okuphelele lo mkhuba eyodwa labantu allele futhi ukuvikela ke omunye. Izinga eliphakeme ka drift zofuzo, ngokushesha lo ukuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana kwanoma zilwane. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ematfuba nenkanuko edlulele ukuthuthela allele imvamisa kuba elilingana nelabantu abakuleli.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isakhi ngasinye ezifana-molecule umsuka esisodwa wezakhi. kuzuba kwemvelo kwenzeka nge imvamisa mayelana 10-5 ngayinye isakhi sofuzo / gamete. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ezincane ezingeni labantu, ephansi ematfuba kuguquka entsha.

Noma kunjalo, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe kwemvelo akuxhomekile inani zinhlobo futhi isibalo drift zofuzo. abacwaningi American futhi Zuckerkandl Polling wembula ukuthi alleles kokungathathi hlangothi sishukumiseleka ngesivinini njalo. Lokhu kusebenza yinoma uluphi uhlobo.

electron drift

Le nqubo ukuhamba izinhlayiya icala ngaphansi kwethonya emkhakheni static. Ukuhambisa kungaba zingcolile futhi zemvelo. Zonke incike conductivity yasendle kagesi. I drift izinhlayiya e amagesi nezinsimbi kunqunywa ezinyakazayo ezishisayo zamanje. Kulokhu, ukubikezela isivinini nendlela yekuhambisa sandla ngeke aphumelele. Iqiniso lokuthi umthelela ezishisayo akusho akha ecucuza iyunifomu macroscopic izinhlayiya icala. electron Kukhona ngesibopho emkhakheni libhekene umfutho kanye kwabantu naphakathi. Ngo-plasma, izinhlayiya babhekana kazibuthe, ukuze ezinyakazayo kuyoba iyunifomu njalo.

Izinga le-drift icala emkhakheni kagesi kuyinto kunalelo ion. Sibangelwa yisifiso okunamandla imvelo.

Drift e DC

Lo mshini FET has Inkinga enkulu - the nokuguqulwa impumuzo uhlobo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi zero drift. Ngenxa kokuphazamiseka zamanje okukhiphayo amplifier uwela kunani entry Inkomba. I-zero drift uvame ebonwe ukungabi khona isignali okufakwayo.

Izizathu ukuvala shaqa ingaba:

- Amandla kagesi ukwehluleka;
- ukuntengantenga resistors noma transistors;
- umsindo ongaphakeme-imvamisa;
- lokushisa eliphezulu medium;
- crosstalk noma ukuphazamiseka. Umphumela ezingavamile futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo kokuphazamiseka samanje DCA kungaba uxhumano kukagesi phakathi izigaba. Masinyane lo dade wavula okuhambisa ukushintsha amasignali, ngakho nokuntengantenga emnyango neze kulandeleke.

Ukuze iwukudambisa zero drift ingasetshenziswa izingxenye termokompensiruyuschie ngokujulile nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, DC converters, isimo ukuthola indlela. Kuyasiza ukushintsha wesifunda olinganiselayo DCA.

I drift samehlo

Le nqubo ihamba kancane ngenxa ukufuduka kancane kancane yeso. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba kokungathembeki okungalindelekile ngumgogodla retina ngasiphi into. Kunengqondo unxusa umbuzo kuyini ukuqonda, bayasithola kwamehlo futhi sibangelwa yini.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kubalulekile ukuthi uqonde ukuthi i-retina yeso womuntu inezinhlobo ezintathu ukunyakaza ezingenziwanga ngisho kokuba wazizwa: ukundindizela njalo, nomqwayiba nenkanuko edlulele kanye ukunyakaza abushelelezi. Isimo sokuqala kuyinto evamile. Imvamisa ukusikwa imisipha iso-80 Hz. Isimo sesibili futhi ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo evamile. Mshini ilawulwa ukusabela okungazelelwe. Isimo lwesithathu kuvunyelwe kuphela ngokuhlangana ne nabantwana bami ababili bokuqala, kodwa hhayi eceleni. imbangela sayo singaba lelicala retina indlela impendulo.

drift womkhumbi

Ukususwa kusuka Yiqiniso womkhumbi kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya imimoya enamandla. Isici eyinhloko drift sinjalo engela phakathi kwemigqa umzila kweqiniso futhi izinkomba zamanga. Demolition isitsha singenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya wamanje. Drift futhi offset kukhonjisiwe "ihange" isikhundla lapho umthwalo kukhasa ngezansi.

Umphumela eziyingozi kakhulu lokhu drift Cishe kuyinto umkhumbi emadwaleni noma Shoals. Ukuze ususe Esimweni esinjalo kubalulekile ukuqondisa ekhaleni lomkhumbi ngemva komzamo omkhulu.