"Mitochondrial Eva" futhi "u-Adamu zofuzo" - okhokho baso uhlanga lwesintu

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 e-inqubo ukutadisha isakhiwo ikhodi zofuzo , igatsha elisha isayensi. Yena waziwa ngokuthi i-paleontology nesayensi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kwatholakala ukuthi genotype womuntu kungembula iminonjana ukuvela kwezinhlobo. Izazi zesayensi ziye zafunda ukuthi ukubuyisa idatha kusuka izinsalela zamathambo okuqondene nezidalwa ebebaphila lasendulo. kakhulu Okutholakele washintsha ukuqonda kwethu zokuqala nokuthuthuka komuntu. Iziphetho okuqalwe ucwaningo olusha. Abakutholile ukuphikisa imibono lutho mayelana isithombe ukuvela ukuthula emhlabeni.

Izifundo A. Wilson

California UProfesa wase-University of Berkeley wagomela ukuthi oyisemkhulu kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu owehla evela komunye wesifazane. Kwasukasukela wayehlala e-Afrika. kamuva inzalo yakhe sahlala nakwamanye amazwekazi. Ngenxa yokwanda olubanzi sekukhona ukwehluka zofuzo zabantu. Iqembu eliholwa imiqondo Wilson amabili ayisisekelo lapho lokhu kuhlola engokwemvelo yaklanywa.

Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Ngokusho imiphumela ka Luhlatiyo namaprotheni kwatholakala ukuthi ngokuhamba ukuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana ngesilinganiso njalo kuyinto ekuqongeleleni ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo hlangothi. Leli kwakuyicala lokuqala umqondo Wilson. Izinga lapho izinguquko zenzeka sofuzo ngenxa kokungathathi hlangothi iphuzu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, njalo ngesikhathi. Kule ndaba, ingasetshenziswa njengendlela uhlobo elinesisindo kwemvelo, ngawo zaphetha ukudedelwa egatsheni ethize kusukela stem main. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-mbono wesibili. Ngenxa yalokho, zehla ukuba umsebenzi kunalokho elula izibalo lapho ngesivinini ngesikhathi eyaziwa nokusebenza imingcele kudingekile ukuchaza isikhathi ukunyakaza endleleni.

izifundo ukuqhathanisa

Bakhandwa waqala ngo-1987, hhayi enuzi, namandla DNA mitochondrial sathathwa sesifundo somuntu ngu Wilson. Lesi sakamuva molecule encane isiyingi. Siqukethe ayizinkulungwane 16. Bp. Bakha 37 zofuzo. Kuleli nani, ikhono ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezitholakala akukho kuka 2%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi izakhi zofuzo kubalulekile. Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid kuhlanganisa 3.2 zemakhiwo engamibili.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lunqume wayengeyena nje usayizi okuyinto DNA mitochondrial. Wilson u waqondisa amanye zindlela. Ikakhulukazi, kwatholakala ukuthi u-X-chromosome luthathwe kuphela umugqa zesifazane. Phakathi Fusion isidoda neqanda phakathi kokukhulelwa isidoda organelle ekubhujisweni kwenzeka cytoplasm. Ngenxa yalokho, i-embryo ibizwa sidluliselwe X-chromosome kuphela kusukela kumama. Lesi simo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulandelela ababengaphambi komuntu emgqeni zesifazane.

Uma sikubeka kalula, umuntu ngamunye uthola mitochondria elivela kumama, ke - bebodwa nokunye. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukwakha umugqa, okuyothi ungakwazi ukubheka esidlule iningi. I-DNA mitochondrial yokwanda koshintsho kokungathathi hlangothi buthelela ngesilinganiso njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho akusho recombine. Lokho kusho ukuthi umehluko nge-Ukwakheka nucleotide zibangelwa izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa kuphela.

lozalo

Njengoba esungulwe phambi kwabo bonke abakhileyo iplanethi we elinesisindo, uWilson waqala ukuhlaziywa lozalo lomuntu. Ukuze isifundo 182 amasampula ezahlukene mtDNA kusuka 241 abantu athathwa. Leli nani lihlanganisa abameleli abavela ohlangeni ngalunye 42 nezizwe. Yiqiniso, izizwe ezincane iyunifomu ngaphezulu umqondo zofuzo, kuyilapho yohlamvu amadala akwa spectrum enkulu yokwanda koshintsho ukuthi ababekuqongelele ngokuhamba khona kwabo. Ematfuba ukuthi iphethini olufana DNA kusukela abantu engahlobene kuyinto 10-15, ukunemba ukuhlonza - 10-7. Zonke izakhamuzi iplanethi kuyehluka kuneminye nucleotide 1 kwayinkulungwane.

iqembu Wilson ukulihlola D-loop. Lokhu hypervariable DNA ingxenye ekhethekile, ubude 300 base ngazimbili. Kuyinto zone hlangothi. Kuleli sayithi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okwenzeka akuvezi pathologies futhi ningathuli iyiphi inzuzo kubanikazi nezinye ukulandelana. Ngenxa yalokho, uWilson wakha uhlu lozalo. Sakhomba ukhona umehluko enkulu yezakhi zofuzo mitochondrial e-Afrika. Wonke amasampula wafunda sebehlala olulodwa yokuqala nucleotide ukulandelana.

Ngakho, Wilson wachaza umsuka abantu kowesifazane. Nokho, akazange asho ukuthi wayenomkhuba sikhathi akude, eyodwa kuphela emhlabeni. Ngokusekelwe imiphumela ukumodeliswa zezibalo, kwatholakala ukuthi ngempumelelo yenani labantu wayengekho ngaphansi kuka 10 eziyinkulungwane.

Ucwaningo ngamanye ososayensi

Njengoba wathola ukuthi mitochondrial Eva - nomama ofanayo olulodwa bonke abantu abahlala emhlabeni, uWilson waqhubeka. Njengoba aziwa ijubane kuguquka, wakwazi ukusungula yobudala bakhe. Wazithela phezu ukuthi Eva mitochondrial wahlala ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 200-150. Amalitha. edlule. Lona wesifazane wayemdala kunezingane Neanderthal.

Ulwazi ukuhlaziya acid deoxyribonucleic kuye kwakhishwa ngabanye abacwaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, Satoshi Horan waveza ukuthi abantu yesimanje ayesezohlubuka 200 ayizinkulungwane. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule e-Afrika. Kusuka lapho, lathuthela Eurasia futhi ngokushesha zinganakiwe Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba. Kulokhu, ingxube genotypes mitochondrial cishe akwenzekanga. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Satoshi choir wazama ulinganise le "elinesisindo". Ngokusho idatha ethile, engu-indoda lanamuhla 143 ayizinkulungwane. Iminyaka.

Abanye futhi baye bathola ukuthi umuntu uqala ukuvela e-Afrika. Kulokhu, ososayensi ihlaziye izakhi zofuzo zenuzi. Izindawo, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, kwakungekho phambi ayizinkulungwane 100. Amalitha. edlule. ososayensi baseBrithani watadisha insalela isakhi enuzi, unesibopho synthesis B-globin. Le sayithi liye ihlaziye esuka kubantu 349 abavela ezigodini ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Ngokwe Lokhu kuhlola kwembula nokuthi umsuka nabantu ababejwayelene insimu ka-Afrika. iziphetho ezifanayo abantu okwafinyelelwa kubo kanti nabanye ososayensi abaningi.

Ngakho, ukutholakala Wilson wanikeza Umfutho nezinye izifundo laboratories ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Zonke imisebenzi, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa ososayensi ezimele abonisa ukuthi indawo lapho kwakukhona khona Eva mitochondrial, kuyinto East Africa.

Ukuqhathanisa nesihlahla ngokolimi

Ukuzama sihlaziye yamangqamuzana ngezakhi futhi esiphelweni izinqubo ulimi senziwa Kvalli-Sforza. Ukuqhathanisa wabonisa ukuthi isihlahla kwakhiwa esekelwe ngemiphumela yocwaningo zofuzo, it ihambelana lo namalimi wemiphakathi. Ngakho, bekubonakala lwembula inhlanganisela isakhi sofuzo geography geography yobuhlanga.

Mitochondrial Eva futhi Y-chromosome Adam

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, uWilson kwazanywa umsuka umugqa zoyise bonke abantu abahlala kule planethi namuhla. Ngokusho kwangaphambilini analysis idatha, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi e-Afrika kukhona futhi Mitochondrial Eva kanye zofuzo Adamu. Lolu cwaningo basungula amaqiniso athakazelisayo.

Y-chromosome has a Usayizi eziyizigidi ezingu-60 nucleotide ngazimbili. Akaphishekeli recombine, ngakhoke umehluko isakhiwo kukhona ngenxa mutagenesis. izifundo Okuningi enemininingwane yayiqhutshelwa uProfesa Underhallom. Ngakho waqoqa ukwaziswa okuzocatshangelwa ukuhlaziywa cishe kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni. Y-chromosome kuphela amadoda. Ngakho, kuba kuphela kusuka ubaba endodaneni.

Ngokwe-ukuhlaziywa, kwatholakala ukuthi umuntu wokuqala uvele emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo Mitochondrial Eva -. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-ayizinkulungwane 150-160 edlule. Umehluko yobudala ibekwa indlela amaphutha ukubala. iziphetho ezifanayo zithathelwe elinye iqembu ucwaningo ezimele, okwaholela M. Hammer.

Mitochondrial Eva: le indaba ecatshangwe mbono esungulwe

Kusukela umuntu ngenhla kungaba iziphetho ezilandelayo. E-Afrika, lapho acishe abe yizinkulungwane 150-180. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule babe abantu bokuqala. Cishe izinkulungwane 100. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, baqala uthuthe ecumene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bafaka yonke hominids abahlala ensimini, hhayi beyizalaniselana nabo. Abangaba yizinkulungwane 40. Eminyakeni edlule abantu bokuqala uvele e-Europe. nezifundo onginike imiphumela emangalisa kakhulu. Ngakho, uProfesa Svante Paabo wakwazi ukukhipha DNA mitochondrial kusukela insalela vertebra okuqondene Neanderthal, okwakubekelwa eyaqala ukutholwa ngawo-1856, futhi wahlala angaba yizinkulungwane 50. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ngokusho imiphumela Luhlatiyo, kwatholakala ukuthi lokhu akukona hominid akuyona into amadlozi, ngisho nesihlobo esiseduze salowo abantu yesimanje.

izinkomba ezahlukene kwemvelo

Umehluko ezikhonjwe babe abalulekile ukuze Abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi ngokuvamile egatsheni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo futhi ayikwazanga, eqinisweni, kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene ayizinkulungwane 600. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Izinhlobonhlobo akhona mitochondrial DNA Homo sapiens 24 esikhundleni futhi AmaNeanderthal - 32. Leli qiniso ibonisa ukuthi yokugcina lukwazi zinhlobo kokuhlukana abantu. Ngakho, AmaNeanderthal yakha ahlukene kwemvelo isiqondiso futhi parallel futhi ngezinye kwesibaya legatsha efanayo.

isiqinisekiso iziphetho

Ucwaningo olwenziwa Pääbo, ngokuphelele ukushintsha lo mqondo ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu. Kulesisimo-ke, kudingeka ukuba uqinisekise okwatholakala iqembu lososayensi ezimele. Ucezu Neanderthal amathambo wafunda M. Stoneking, umlandeli Wilson. Ngemva kokuhlaziya izinsalela ingane, owayephila cishe izinkulungwane 30. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, usosayensi wathola idatha efanayo Pääbo. Ngakho, iziphetho wokugcina ziye ukuqinisekisile ngokugcwele. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, iqembu labacwaningi-German olwenziwe Neanderthal mitochondrial ukuhlaziywa DNA. Ezenye futhi waqinisekisa umbono ngaphambili. Ngokusho Isazi K. Stringer, isintu kuyinto onqenqemeni ukwakha ithiyori esihlanganisiwe lapho ukuhlanganisa, zofuzo, ubufakazi bemivubukulo Paleo-anthropological namalimi imodeli Afrika.

Isici okungokomoya

I zamagama zonke izindawo ezingenhla singatholakala balethe isintu imfihlakalo yomsuka wawo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokusho kwabanye abalobi, anthropogenesis ayikwazi ukwenziwa zemibuzo kuphela wezobusayensi. Ngokusho kwabo, ukufika kubantu emhlabeni akuyona kuphela ngendaba kodwa cabanga nangezilaleli mkhuba okungokomoya. Abalobi zilandise ekusekeleni isikhundla sabo izingxenyana ezicashunwe emiBhalweni Engcwele. Ngoba kukhona ezinye izinsalela ngokomzimba yezidalwa ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba umuntu ku izici morphological, kukhona umbuzo yokunquma indawo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho umuntu eba, eqinisweni, womuntu.

isiphetho

Umbhalo awusho lutho mayelana indlela wendalo. Kulokhu, kubikwa ku ukusungulwa bukaNkulunkulu. Into esemqoka kule nqubo kwaba spiritualization yomzimba, ngenxa okuyinto umuntu saphela isilwane. Njengoba mina yaphawula zokuxhumana. Filaret Moskovsky, akazange adale isenzo yesikhathi esisodwa, futhi akha okuqhubekayo futhi kwenzeka kancane kancane. Kuyinto lesi sikhashana engcwele - lapho uNkulunkulu waphefumulela umzimba okukhulu ngokuthokoza kukaMoya oNgcwele - kungukuqala isidalwa beqiniso bomuntu, ngokuvumelana abasekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela zenkolo. Mina ukuxoxa ngalesi sihloko kanye St Grigoriy Nissky. Encwadini yakhe ethi, wabhala ukuthi umuntu iye yahlela emva zokugcina izimila nezilwane. Nature ngandlela-thile indlela uhambisane kwaba ekupheleleni. Nokho, inqubo ngokwalo akusho achaze imiBhalo. Kuleli qophelo, imfundiso okungokomoya nsí. Kusolwa ukuthi indlela ukulandela "emqansweni ubuhle" kufanele kube ososayensi.