Kuyini inkulumo nolulwimi? Ulimi lwesiRashiya kanye nenqubo yokukhuluma. IzAga mayelana nenkulumo nolimi

Isayensi yanamuhla ibhekisela kumuntu njenge- homo sapiens. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, kukhona okunye okunye, incazelo engekho ngaphansi kwegama - homo lingualis , okuhunyushwa ngokwezwi lisho "umuntu okhuluma". Kuzo zonke izimo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinikezwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezingenasici, sinikeza igama elihlanganiswa ngokucacile ezingqondweni zethu ngeqiniso.

Isithombe sezwe, esinikezwa bonke abamele isintu sesimanje, siyinhloko yezilimi, futhi siboniswa ngezici eziningana. Uma usho igama (nanoma yiluphi ulimi esikuziyo), isithombe sesifundo ngokushesha siphuma engqondweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kokubiza izinto ezingajwayelekile, izinto kanye nemizwa ngamagama athile kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu esithwini sesimanje.

Inkinga yezilimi

Izingxenye ezinjalo zokuphila kwethu njengolimi nenkulumo seziye zaphela ukusimangaza. Sibaphathisa njengento engadingi ukuchazwa, ukuhumusha noma ukuchazwa. Mayelana nokufana nenkulumo nolwimi, asikho ama-philologists, cishe asikho ucabange, futhi kwabaningi, lezi zenzakalo ziyizo zonke izinto ezifanayo, okuyiqiniso, okuyiqiniso.

Ngokumangazayo, ukuqaphela umehluko kulezi zindinganiso sekufikile ezingqondweni zezilimi ezincane nje. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, wakhuluma ngezinkulumo nolulimi, uFerdinand de Saussure ungumlimi waseSwitzerland futhi uthola isihloko esisifunayo kule ndaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le nkinga iye yaba enye yokuhola kwezilimi zesimanje ikakhulukazi kanye ne-philology ngokujwayelekile.

Umbuzo we-abstractness kanye nokucacile

Ukuze ukhulume ngokuthi yikuphi ulimi nenkulumo, kudingeka uqonde ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kwabo. Ngokuyinhloko, zivezwa ngokukhona kwalezi zenzakalo.

Ulimi, njengoba uyazi, uhlelo oluhlelekile oluhlelekile oluhlelekile lwezimpawu ezinamazinga namazinga. Ichazwe ngokukhethekile, ehlelwe futhi ifundwe, igxile engqondweni.

Uma sikhuluma ngenkulumo nolimi, kufanele siqaphele ukuxhomeka komunye nomunye. Ngokuyinhloko, ngaphandle kwesistimu yezinguquko eziphambili, cishe akunakwenzeka ukudala inkulumo, eqinisweni, ukubonakaliswa kwenkulumo.

Izimpawu zesistimu yesignali

Uma sikhuluma ulimi, siyaqonda isimo sezenhlalakahle, sifinyeleleke kubo bonke, okuyisinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko. Isibonelo ngulimi lwesizwe, wonke umuntu owaziyo, kusukela ezincane kuya ezinkulu, ngaphakathi kwezwe elilodwa. Bonke abantu bayakwazi ukusebenza ngolwazi olutholakalayo nemibono, ukwenza isitatimende, ukubhala umbhalo, ukufunda inganekwane.

Lona uhlobo lwezinto zokukhuluma nokucabanga kwethu. Umqondo wangempela esisebenzisayo ngobuciko empilweni yethu.

Isici sesibili solimi langempela singabizwa ngokuthi sijwayelekile, ukuqina nokulinganiselwa. Ukuthakazelisa kule nhlonipho kubonakala sengathi ukuqonda kwethu ngezibonakaliso ezithile (noma yikuphi, hhayi ngempela izilimi).

Ulimi lwesiRussia nenkulumo yesiRussia, njenganoma yimuphi omunye, basondelene kakhulu njengoba kunokwenzeka ngangokunokwenzeka. Bahlala bexhumana njalo: uhlaka lolimi lwandiswa ukuguqulwa kokukhuluma inkulumo, futhi lokho, kuvamile, kuvamile ngenxa yesistimu ekhona yezibonakaliso.

Izici zenkulumo

Okucacile okukhona kulesi simo. Ulimi lwesiRashiya nenkulumo yesiRashiya bayaphikisana futhi futhi ezingeni lezenhlalakahle. Esikhathini sokuqala, kufanele sikhulume ngento ejwayelekile evamile, ekhethekile kummeleli ngamunye wesizwe noma izizwe eziningana. Ulimi ngokuyinhloko kwezenhlalakahle - uhlelo olulodwa lwezandla lukhona kubo bonke abangazange baguquke.

Inkulumo yinto ebalulekile kakhulu, eyenziwa yilowo nalowo muntu ngesikhathi sokuxhumana. Ngomqondo othile, singasho ukuthi inkulumo ukufezwa kolimi ngomzuzwana othile ngesikhathi.

Ukuxhumana nesikhathi

Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezahluke kakhulu. Isandiso sesikhathi esifanele. Ulimi lukhona ezingqondweni zethu ngaphandle kwesikhathi, luzimele ngokuphelele. Isici senkulumo yisigaba esisodwa saso, ubukhona kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhulumisana. Kulesi simo kubalulekile ukuqonda hhayi kuphela inkulumo yomlomo esibhekana nabo nsuku zonke, kodwa futhi ibhaliwe, ngisho nangaphakathi.

Kusukela ngokujwayelekile kuya kokunye

Ngakho-ke, lapho sesinqume ukuthi yiziphi ukufana nokuhluka phakathi kwenkulumo nolimi, siphendukela ekuboniseni okunye kanye nezici. Ngamunye wethu uke wezwa inkulumo enjalo ngokuthi "ulimi namasiko okukhuluma". Ezikoleni eziningi namayunivesithi anenzuzo yokusiza, kuneziyalo ezihlukene ngaleli gama. Igama layo likhuluma ngokubaluleka, isidingo sokuqonda imithetho nemigomo ethile.

Ulimi lwesiRussia kanye nesiko lokukhuluma yizici ezixhunyiwe, kodwa azifani. Ingxenye yesibili yale nkulumo ibhekwa njengenye yezesayensi yezilimi. Isihloko sesifundo saso sibonakala ekutholeni kokuqala kunalokho okulula: ulimi kanye nesimilo senkulumo kufundiswa ngokwejwayelekile, ukulungisa ngokuphathelene nokuxhumana.

Noma kunjalo, empeleni konke akuyona into elula njengoba kubonakala. Isiko lokukhuluma, okokuqala, esinye sezizinda zesimo esingokomoya, esihlobene ngokuqondile nokusetshenziswa kolimi ngokusebenza.

Kuwo wonke umuntu nakuwo wonke umuntu

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiko lokukhuluma yizinkambiso ezakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ifa lomphakathi owodwa noma olunye, kubonakala ekuqaphelisweni kwabantu bonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi senzakalo sibheka wonke amazwi, icala elithile empilweni yomuntu. Kungukuthi ngamunye wethu asebenzise lolu limi ngokunembile, ngokuqondile maqondana nesinye isimo noma ukuxhumana.

Okokuqala, isiko senkulumo lixhunywe, Yebo, ngolwazi lokubhala, ngokuvamile olwamukelwe kubo bonke. Noma kunjalo, ayikho ngaphansi kwesimo sendawo namasiko abantu. Futhi lokho okuyokwenzeka kwabanye ngeke kube ngokwamukelekile kwabanye. Isibonelo skulumo yenkulumo, esukela ekubukeni kwemigomo yombhalo iphenduka ukuthi ayiphutha, kodwa ngokwayo inezinkambiso nemikhawulo yayo. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ulimi lwesiRussia kanye nesiko lokukhuluma yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba zisekelwe kahle, kodwa zihamba kahle.

Indawo ekhethekile yokukhuluma

Inendima ebalulekile idlalwe yindawo yokuphila kwayo ngokuphathelene nomkhuba wokukhuluma. Ukuqhubeka komuntu kuqhubekela phambili, lapho kuphenduka khona isikhala. Zonke izinhlobo zamakamelo okuxoxa, izincwadi zokuxhumana ze-elekthronikhi, amaforamu namawebhusayithi adinga ikhono lokusebenza ngezilimi ezihlukene nezilimi zokukhuluma.

Kulesi sihloko, kubhaliwe umsebenzi omningi, okuchaza imininingwane yokuxhumana nge-inthanethi.

Ukwakha ukuqonda

Sifunda kanjani lesi siko sokukhuluma? Umnikelo wokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu kule ndaba wenziwa umndeni wethu. Imithetho kanye nemigomo yokukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izakhiwe kithi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kusuka kukhulukazi kanye nabakhulu, bese kuthi-ke othisha esikoleni, sihlale sizwa izaga mayelana nenkulumo nolwimi olufakwe ezingqondweni zethu, ukuhlala lapho ukuze kube nokuphila. Khona-ke, izinkomba zomlomo nezilimi zifundiswa esikoleni ezikoleni.

Ukufundisa abafundi

Le nkinga emfundweni yesikole inikezwa kakhulu kakhulu, ngoba yinkinga yezilimi nezilimi ezinethonya elikhulu ekwakheni ubuntu. Yingakho isifundo esithi "uLimi nokukhuluma" kuqhutshwa ekilasini ngalinye kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikole.

Uthando lwelulwimi lukhula kanjani kubantwana? Incazelo elula yemithetho nemithetho yalokhu ayanele. Inhloso yalolu hlobo idinga ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto eziyiqiniso, ezingasetshenzisiwe kuphela izingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini, kodwa futhi izaga mayelana nenkulumo nolwimi. Ngomqondo othile, yizibonelo ezithile zalolu hlobo oluphumelela ngokwendalo yazo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi abaningi bazocaphuna ngokoqobo uTurgenev, Tolstoy noma uGriboyedov, kodwa bazi kahle konke mayelana nokuthi "bangenisa" kanjani ulimi. IzAga nezinkulumo ezizinzile zixazulula kakhulu izingqondo zethu, zakha imibono mayelana nesiko lokukhuluma. Wonke umuntu, ngokwesibonelo, uyazi inkulumo ethi "yini engqondweni yakho, ngakho-ke ngolimi" noma "angafuni ukusho, ngakho ulimi aluhambisani."

Esikhathini esithi "ulimi lwesiRussia" isihloko esithi "Inkulumo" kubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu emfundweni yesikole. Yingakho idinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu. Phela, kuleso sifundo ukuthi ubuntu bubunjwa ezinganeni, umbono ubheke futhi amakhono abaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni avela - amakhono okuxhumana.