Indlela yokuhlola: incazelo, ukungalungi nezinzuzo

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lolwazi lweqiniso elizungezile, ithuluzi lezesayensi linikeza izindlela eziningi zokwenza ucwaningo, okuwukuthi, ucwaningo lokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu, ngoba kusekelwe ezimisweni zokuphindaphinda nobufakazi ngamaqiniso. Okwamanje kubalulekile, indlela yokuhlola ikuvumela ukuba ufunde izinto ezihlukile ngaphandle kokungena okungahleliwe, okukuhlukanisa nalokho okushiwo yindabuko.

Ubuchwepheshe bendlela njengendlela yokuphenya

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqashelwa okusebenzayo ngokubheka, ukuhlolwa kuhlelwe njengesifundo esilungisiwe, ngaphambi kwalokho umsebenzi othile othiwa ubhekene nemingcele echazwe ngaphambilini yokuhumusha umphumela. Isici esibalulekile ukuhlanganyela komcwaningi enkambweni yolwazi olunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuhlolwa kwesayensi ihambelana ngqo namathuba okuhlela futhi ezimweni ezifanayo, ngolwazi olunembile noluthembekile. Ngakho-ke, kunokwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwezakhi zomuntu ngamunye, ukuveza ezinye izindawo ngamaphethini esimweni esithile.

Enhlanganweni yezilingo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-instrumentation nemishini yobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwedatha. Incazelo ye-classical yendlela yokuhlola ingabelwa njengenqubo yokucwaninga kwelabhutori, ngoba ilawulwa ngokuphelele ngumlobi, kodwa kuneminye imibono yalendlela yokuqaphela iqiniso, okuzocatshangwa ngezansi.

Amamodeli wokuhlola

Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile okungenakuqondakala nokungahleliwe kukhishwa. Iyokuqala imodeli yenhlangano, okungesizathu esisodwa noma esinye esingeke sisebenzise ngokusebenza, okungukuthi, ezimweni zesitatimende zesayensi. Le nqubo ayikusizi kuphela ukufeza umsebenzi obekiwe mayelana nokutadisha into, kodwa futhi inegalelo ekuthuthukiseni indlela yokuhlola ngokukhomba amaphutha ngamanye. Ngokuqondene nomodeli wokuhlola okungahleliwe, usekelwe embonweni wokuhlangenwe nakho okungahleliwe, okungahambisana nokuhlolwa kwangempela, kodwa imiphumela yawo ngeke ibe khona. Indlela yokuhlola engahleliwe idinga izidingo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, imodeli yokulungiswa kwemathemikhali elungiselelwe kuyo kufanele ichaze ngokwanele ukuhlolwa. Futhi, lapho ubeka inkinga, abacwaningi banquma ngokunembile imodeli, ngaphakathi lapho idatha yokuqala yezibalo yokuhlolwa nemiphumela etholakalayo izoqhathaniswa.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolwa ezihlukanisiwe?

Ngokwenzayo, ukuhlolwa komzimba, ikhompyutha, ukuhlolwa kwengqondo nokucwaninga kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Okuvame kakhulu ukuhlolwa okwenyama, okuqukethe ukuqondwa kwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa okunjalo, ikakhulukazi, ukucabanga okungafaneleki kwe-physics kwembulwa, okuye kwafundwa ngohlaka locwaningi lwemfundiso. Ukuhlolwa kwekhompyutha kuxhumene nenqubo yekhompiyutha. Phakathi novivinyo, ochwepheshe bahlela idatha yokuqala ngento ethile, ngenxa yokunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo eziveziwe nezici. Indlela yokucabangela yokucabanga ingathinta izindawo ezahlukene zocwaningo, kufaka phakathi i-physics nefilosofi. Umehluko walo oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa kwemibandela yangempela engekho emisebenzini, kodwa emcabangweni. Kanti, ukuhlolwa okubucayi akugxile ekutadisheni izinto ezithile noma izici ezithile, kodwa ngokuqinisekiswa noma ukuchithwa kwesimo esithile noma inkolelo.

Izici zokuhlolwa kwengqondo

Iqembu elihlukile lezilingo limelelwa yinkimbinkimbi yengqondo, okuyinto enquma ukucaca kwayo. Isihloko esiyinhloko sokutadisha kulesi sici yi-psyche. Ngakho-ke, izimo zokwenza ucwaningo zizokwenza umsebenzi obalulekile wendaba ngokuqondile. Futhi lapha singakwazi ukuphazamisa ukuphikisana okunye nemigomo eyisisekelo yendlela esetshenziselwa ngayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zocwaningo, umuntu akanakulindela ukulawula okuphelele nokudala izimo zokuhlola. Ungakwazi ukuqhubeka kuphela kusuka kulwazi olubi, oluzokwenza ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. Indlela yokucwaninga kwengqondo futhi ayivumeli ukuba sisebenzise enye yezinqubo zokusebenza ngengqondo, ngoba amathonya okuhlola enza ithonya emzimbeni wonke. Ucwaningo olunjalo lungenziwa kubantu, nasezilwaneni. Esikhathini sokuqala, izimo zokubamba ngezinye izikhathi zihlinzekela imfundo yokuqala yendaba.

Izivivinyo zemvelo kanye nelabhoratri

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuhlanganiswe nomqondo wokuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ucwaningo lwezemvelo lungase luhlotshaniswe nesayensi ngokwesimo esithile, ngoba kulokhu kuphazanyiswa okuncane ekusebenzeni kwengqondo ngale ndaba kucatshangwa. Ngendlela, kusukela lapha kuza inzuzo ebalulekile yenqubo yemvelo. Isihloko ngenxa yokungabi nokuphazanyiswa empilweni yakhe ekuhlolweni kungase kuhlale ebumnyameni. Okusho ukuthi akuthinti iqiniso lesifundo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokulawula, le ndlela yokwenza isayensi ngokwesayensi kwengqondo ibhekwa ingasebenzi. Izici eziphikisanayo zibuye zithole izinzuzo zesilingo se-laboratory. Kulezi zifundo, umhloli angakwazi ukuhlela inqubo yokufunda, uma kungenzeka, ukugxila emaqinisweni athile athakazelisayo kuye. Kodwa ngisho nakulokhu, isidingo sokusebenzisana okucishe phakathi komcwaningi kanye nesihloko sinquma ukuzithoba komphumela otholiwe.

Izinzuzo zendlela yokuhlola

Izinzuzo zale ndlela ekucwaningweni, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukulawulwa kwezimo. Umcwaningi uhlela inqubo ngokuhambisana namakhono ayo nezinsiza, okusiza kakhulu umsebenzi. Futhi, ukufaneleka kohlelo lokuhlola kungenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuliphinda, okwenza kube lula ukulungisa idatha ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwezinguquko ezimweni zokuhlola. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla okulungiswa kwenqubo okuguquguqukayo akuvumela ukuba uqaphele ukushintshashintsha kwezinguquko ezimeni ezithile kanye nezakhiwo zento.

Yiqiniso, inzuzo eyinhloko yale nqubo yiyona ukunemba kwedatha. Le parameter izoxhomeka ukuthi izimo zenzeke kanjani kahle, kodwa esimweni esinikeziwe kanye nemingcele eyodwa ingaba nesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuthembeka. Ikakhulukazi izinzuzo zokuhlola okunjalo ngokusho ngokunembile zivezwe ngendlela yokubona. Ukuzama isizinda salo kulawulwa kakhulu, okuvumela ukuthi kungabandakanyi izici zenkampani yangaphandle yokuphazanyiswa kwinqubo yokucwaninga.

Izinkinga zendlela

Ngokuvamile, ubuthakathaka bezindlela zokuhlola zihlobene namaphutha enhlangano. Nalapha futhi, kufanelekile ukuqhathaniswa nokubona, okuyinto ngokwemibandela kuzoba okulungile kakhulu. Omunye umbuzo wukuthi, ngokungafani nokubona, ukuhlolwa kuwo wonke amapharamitha kuyinkqubo ehleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuhlola kuxhunywe ngokungenakwenzeka kokuphindaphinda kokusebenza kwezimo nezinqubo. Ukungasho ukuthi izindawo ezithile zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe zidinga ukutshala izimali ezibalulekile enhlanganweni.

Izibonelo zokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa

Esinye sezivivinyo zokuqala zenziwa ngu-Eratosthenes Kirensky, oye wahlola izinto ezibonakalayo. Okuyinhloko yocwaningo lwakhe kwakuwukubala indawo yomhlaba ngendlela engokwemvelo. Wasebenzisa izinga lokuphambuka kwelanga kusukela eMhlabeni ngesikhathi se-solstice ehlobo, okwenza kwenzeke, ngokulandisa imingcele ngebanga ukuya lapho kungekho khona ukuphambuka khona, ukuphetha ngokuthi indawo engama-6300 km. Umehluko ngesibonakaliso sangempela u-5% nje kuphela, okubonisa ukunemba okuphakeme lapho kwenziwa khona indlela. Ukuhlolwa, izibonelo zazo ezibonakala kubangokwengqondo, azikwazi ukubiza ngokunemba kwesibalo, kodwa kufanelekile ukunakwa.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1951 iqembu labacwaningi laqhuba ukuhlolwa kweqembu, inhloso yalo yokufunda i-conformism. Abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuthi banikeze izimpendulo zemibuzo elula mayelana nenombolo nendawo yezinti, okusolakala ukuthi bahlolisisa amehlo abo. Kulolu cala, bonke abahlanganyeli kuphela abaye banikwe umyalo wokunikeza imiphumela yamanga - ekutholeni lo mthelela, indlela isekelwe. Ukuhlolwa, izibonelo zazo ezaphindwa kaningi, ekugcineni zanikeza imiphumela edidayo. Ababambe iqhaza abahlala beyodwa ngokubheka ngamabomu kodwa ngombono omubi, ezimweni eziningi bavumelana naye.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola akungabazeki ukukhulisa nokujula umbono womuntu wezwe elizungezile. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazinga. Ukubheka, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwinkimbinkimbi kunika ulwazi oluthe xaxa, lugcwaliselelana. Kunezindawo lapho ucwaningo lwenzeka khona ngezindlela ezihlukene ngokwehlukana, kodwa ngokubheka ukulinganisela, izikhungo zesayensi ziqhubeka nokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlangene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumele sivume ukuthi indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izinkolelo kanye nokucabangela kusekhona isifundo sokuhlola.