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Lalinjengenqaba ngesiGreki. Uyini lalinjengenqaba, lapho kubonakala sengathi (isithombe)

EGrisi, kunenqwaba yezinto ezakhiwo okusezingeni eliphezulu zomlando eziligugu. Omunye wabo - Acropolis engasenyakatho e-Athens. Acropolis - kuyini? Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Acropolis lesiGreki lisho "edolobheni okusezingeni eliphezulu". Lokhu ithafa limestone ngaphezu kwedolobha (80 m) kanye emithambekeni emaweni nxazonke ngaphandle entshonalanga. Ezikhathini zasendulo, umsebenzi oyinhloko lesi sakhiwo kwakufanele avikele ngokumelene abahlaseli.

Lesi sivumelwano endala

I lasendulo Acropolis e Athens, ohlala kuso kuyakhulunywa ngaso kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwesikhathi classical yomlando. Ngenxa kumbiwa nakumasiko izinto ezitholakele okufane yobudala emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age (ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni futhi phakathi). I VII-VI cc. BC. e. Amathempeli ezakhiwa, kodwa kamuva libhujiswa namaPheresiya.

Ngokusho yetinsita-Acropolis engasenyakatho ngesiGreki eyasungulwa Athene yinkosi Cecrops. Indawo maphakathi iqanjwe, lisuselwa egameni lakhe - "Kekrop» (cecropia).

inshokutsi yemagama

"I-Parthenon, le Propylaea, Acropolis" - lokho amelela imiqondo le, futhi uyini umsuka kulamagama?

  • Parthenon - ethempelini main ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho ngesiGreki, anikezelwe unkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Kusukela Greek "parthenos" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "intombi nto." Athena egqoka isidlaliso.
  • Igama elithi "Propylaea" - lisuselwa propylaion ngesiGreki. Lokhu lwaleli grand emnyango-Acropolis engasenyakatho e-Athens. It has emazingeni ezimbili ezahlukene kuvulandi Doric.
  • Igama elithi "lalinjengenqaba" ngesiGreki ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "Acro" - egqumeni, "Polis" - idolobha. Lokho iyingxenye ezinezivikelo eziqinile we muzi waseGrisi, elise entabeni.
  • Erechtheion - ithempeli elinikezelwe ku-Athena futhi Poseidon. Ingabe i Ukwakheka azilingani itholakala emazingeni eziningana.
  • Gekatompedon - kakhulu zethempeli lasendulo ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho, okuyinto elinikezelwe ku-Athena.

I-Acropolis futhi injongo yayo

Acropolis - lokho kufihlwe leli gama lasendulo, futhi siyini nenani eliphansi? Kwakuwusuku yindawo ukuthola inkosi. Futhi ngaphakathi kukhona amathempeli amaningi lapho imithandazo yayenziwa kuze kube onkulunkulu bamaGreki, bese ukhokha isisulu. Esikhathini nesikhathi yokunqoba ye-Turks Acropolis abadlala indima eqakathekileko mosque. Kusukela namuhla - kuyinto lesikhumbuzo yobuciko yezakhiwo lasendulo.

Acropolis yase-Athene njengenhlangano Ensemble yezakhiwo

Acropolis kudala ukubonakala esemzini wase-Athene. Ezikhathini zasendulo, le ndawo yaba ukubaluleka engcwele, isikhungo kwamasiko. Zonke yangaphakathi izakhiwo amathempeli akha Ensemble olulodwa. Acropolis Architecture ungungoti ngokungavamile, zonke lezi zinto ziyingxenye ephelele, ayikho indawo randomness - izakhiwo kanye izikhumbuzo, indawo yabo ecatshangwe nenengqondo kakhulu. Lokhu Ensemble yakhiwa asymmetrically futhi oluhambisana izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko Ancient Greece izakhiwo ngesikhathi zezimbali zayo: nobunye ibhalansi mass futhi bezibona art wezakhiwo Dynamics ukwakhiwa yayo. Parthenon futhi Gekatompedon - isikhungo. Acropolis 21 liqukethe ezakhiwe isici (yaseshashalazini Dionysus esifanekisweni Promachos Athens, propylene, Athens altare likaZeus engcwele nabanye).

Material

Kubukeka sengathi Acropolis namuhla? Yini izinto zidalwe konke ukwakhiwa yayo?

Okwamanje, abaningi ezikhumbuzo kukhona Acropolis sokubuyiselwa. Ngakho-ke, indawo, ungabona ukuthi ezinye zazo sizungezwe yezinsiza. Abaningi izakhiwo kanye emakhulwini eminyaka ngemva wawusanamathele ubukhulu babo, ngoba kungenzeka ukuba yahlulele mayelana ubunjalo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi imininingwane yezakhiwo. Ukuhlola amakholomu lasendulo bangase bacabange ukuthi ukukhiqizwa zabo ezibonakalayo - namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Empeleni, zonke izinto ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho ezakhiwa zemabula, okuyinto ngempela agugile ingavikelekile futhi Kwezinye izingxenye zalo kucekelwa phansi izimpi.

propylaeum

Ngecala lasentshonalanga sentsaba kuyinto umnyango-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Uyini Propylaea? Lo magazini kuyinto ekhathaza abantu abaningi, okokuqala ukuvakashela main ezikhangayo base-Athene. Propylaea - eyinhloko yokungena ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho, amasango ngokubabazekayo zemabula. Sinenkosi ukuvuleka ngoba ukulandisa kuphetha ezinhlanu. I okubanzi kubo (esikhundleni izinyathelo ifakwe kummango) itholakala phakathi ngaphambilini senzelwe nabagibeli futhi ugijime Umhlatshelo. ububanzi 4.3 m. mbumbulu amasango sakhiwa kuvulandi ayisithupha Doric. Endulo, ama-Propylaea, Acropolis yazo zonke izakhiwo babaziwa futhi iningi ekhonjiwe izikhathi ezingaphezu Parthenon.

Parthenon

Parthenon - ethempelini main, okuyinto idume Acropolis yayo, lapho bas-imifanekiso esibonisa izigcawu kusuka zamaGreki, kuhlanganise lokuzalwa Athena kusukela ekhanda kaZeyusi. Ubukhulu ithempeli ngempela umxhwele :. ububanzi 30 m, ubude 70 m amakholomu zayo, imi phezu azungezwe, abe ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-10 Kuyamangaza isakhiwo amakholomu :. Bona ukunweba maphakathi kanye ekhoneni ukukhwezwa nge ukuthambekela okuncane mayelana phansi. Ngenxa namaqhinga abaklami lasendulo, ithempeli ubukeka ingxenye efanayo endabeni lapho uhlangothi iwashi lakhe. Ngaphakathi ebaziwe odumile unkulunkulukazi wamiswa - Athena Virgin. It is adalwe umdali main ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho, umakhi Phidias. Izandla ubuso unkulunkulukazi abangu ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu, zezingubo zokugqoka kanye izikhali - zegolide, kukhanye kwamehlo kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa ayigugu zemvelo. Kuze kube namuhla esifanekisweni is engafakwanga. ukubukeka kwakhe kwase kubuyiselwe, kukhona sibonga wathola amakhophi lasendulo.

Erechtheion

Temple, lapho idume onkulunkulu abaningana: Athena Poseidon futhi Erechtheus (inkosi yase-Athens yasendulo). Kutholwe ngaphakathi kahle Poseidon, bagcwala amanzi usawoti. Ngokusho yetinsita lokhu kahle kuwumphumela sokuboniswa Trident ababegcina Poseidon elikhulu esandleni sayo esinamandla. Ngokusekelwe yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwethempeli senzelwe kuhambisane netinhloso, kwakudingeka zokungena ezimbili enyakatho nasempumalanga izinhlangothi. Ngamunye wabo equkethwe kuvulandi, isethwe ionic amakholomu. Emnyango ukuthi lihlotshiswe iphethini ezihlotshisiwe kunothile imininingwane eqoshiwe, futhi ayebhekwa best ubuhle clypeus ka Pericles. Eduze zasethempelini zazigcinwa emhumeni lapho wahlala elingcwelisa inyoka unkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Snake komculo umbusi omkhulu komuzi - Erechtheus. Kuze kube manje, ingaphakathi Kulelibandla liyalondolozwa kuphela imiBhalo yabantu ayephila nabo, ungathola incazelo yamagceke.

Yemidlalo Yeshashalazi Yase Dionysos

amatiyetha ngesiGreki bebelokhu eyakhelwe emthambekeni wentaba, lapho ubeka yesehlakalo ukuze izilaleli, okuyinto wawusegunjini phambi isigaba lokhuni. izihlalo Izithameli babe ngesimo a umkhumbi (babizwa ngokuthi "Theatron") futhi lizungezwe yesikhulumi lapho ekwayeni (isayithi ngokuthi orhestra). I IV c. BC. e. izihlalo izibukeli Kuye kwenziwa njengendlela sekhefu phansi enamadwala bese ibhekene zemabula. Yemidlalo Yeshashalazi Yase Dionysos - ethiyetha omkhulukazi lokuqala lesiGreki, esisogwini emthambekeni eseningizimu ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Ukuze ezisekhona kusukela izihlalo zemabula ukuthi ayehloselwe yezivakashi ezibalulekile futhi izakhamuzi zokuhlonipha lase Athens laligcwele izithixo. Umthamo Theatre - izinkulungwane zabantu 17 ..

I nethempeli lonkulunkulukazi Nike

Lena ngenye isonto esekhona, ingxenye Ensemble (Acropolis). Uyini "Athena Nike" - igama zimise igama unkulunkulukazi? Nick ngokuvamile uvezwa amaphiko emhlane wakhe. Kodwa leli thempeli kuyinto okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho, njengoba base-Athene sanquma ukugcina ngokuwina ekhaya. Ngakho-ke, amaphiko kungukuthi kukhiqizwa ngenhloso, ukungavumeli Nick ukuba ngimuke ushiye zonke kuleli dolobha. Ngakho, "Apteros" kusho "wingless".

Itempeli ezine ionic ikholomu, izingxenye eliphezulu zazo ehlotshiswe Kuvunguza curls. Ithempeli Athena Nike lakhiwa phakathi Peloponnesian War, ngakho bas-imifanekiso esibonisa uzowanqoba iSparta namaPheresiya. Phakathi ukuthunjwa engcwele Turkish ladilizwa ukuze kwakhiwe izinqaba lempi. Kuze kube manje, Nethempeli Nike zivame ivaliwe emphakathini ngenxa sokubuyiselwa.

Yini yagcina ibhujisiwe

Ezinye izinto yezakhiwo ungazange ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Endaweni yabo zitholakala kuphela izisekelo noma emanxiweni shapeless zezakhiwo ukuthi uma gqizisa-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Yiziphi baqhubeka, olufana e nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo? Ngokwesibonelo, Gekatompedon noma Pandroseion? Lokhu kungaba liyokwahlulelwa imiphumela imivubukulo noma ubufakazi tetemibhalo, ushiye emhlabeni Ancient Greece. On-site Gekatompedon uhlala lamakholomu futhi izingxenye ukubaza atholakele. Ithempeli lika-Arthemisi, futhi cishe wachithwa engatholakala izinsalela ezincane kuphela kanye agcine lapho izikhali zigcinwe.

entsha Museum

Athens Museum, esisogwini indawo ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho, wethulwa 1874. Ngokuvamile, lapho ziboniswa izakhi, ngaphambili isingathwe Elingenhla Town. Iqoqo waba ngaphezulu futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, isikhala esitholakalayo kwakungenele. Vala Acropolis aseqalile ukwakhiwa omusha, isakhiwo ibe banzi. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi emsebenzini wagijima ngokushelela, njengoba kwakukhona abanye izithiyo kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene kukhethwa abaklami noma umhlaba. Ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa, ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa komhlaba obeka isisekelo, izinto ngokomlando abalulekile yezakhiwo atholakele. Ngenxa yalokho kokwakhiwa Museum imisiwe.

-Level amathathu Museum eziyinkimbinkimbi nge lavulwa ngo-2009, i-phansi ingilazi ukuze izivakashi ithuba lokubheka ekumbeni.

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