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Euxine: igama yesimanje. Umlando kwegama

Sea, awashe ogwini amazwe neskolkiz, kuhlanganise naseRussia, kungukuthi njalo ngokuthi ngaleyo ndlela. A ezinkulu indima kwamasiko ukuthuthukiswa kungokwalabo yamaGreki asendulo. Bayibiza ngokuthi Euxine ePhontu. Igama lanamuhla elithi ungahlobene nalo ibinzana.

Umlando kwegama

AmaGreki asendulo kwakufanele amatilosi kwakwakhiwa kakhulu futhi kuphumelele eMedithera. Bazakhela imikhumbi okuthembekile zithutha izimpahla ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, ngakho izinqubomgomo umnotho wakhula ngokushesha kunokuba emazweni angomakhelwane. Euxine, ogama lakhe yesimanje - woLwandle Olumnyama, futhi, wayenesithakazelo bezentengiselwano bamakoloni.

AmaGreki ahlukanisiwe oLwandle Olumnyama sokuhlupheka Bosporus futhi iDardanelles. Lapho-ke ingakamiswa yingcweti, imikhumbi ambalwa olokotha aye ukuthi ekude enyakatho. Igama lokuqala eyanikezwa amaGreki kulo umzimba ngamanzi sasiwukuba: Pont Axinus. Enguqulweni kusukela ngolimi lwabo kwakusho "ulwandle esiwugwadule".

Sasiyini isizathu izici ezinjalo? Leli yigama lasendulo yoLwandle Olumnyama kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi navigation nzima nezizwana abahlala ngasogwini lwalo - amaSkithe. Lezi abayimizulane Lokudabuka Iranian babe sasendle anonya, ake ukuhweba bashaya ikoloni. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu ulwandle "ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle neze."

Nokho, kukhona esinye umbono ngemvelaphi leli gama. Isiphawulo esithi "Axinus" kungaba ikhophi ye-carbon ulimi umSkithe lapho igama elihunyushwa ngokuthi "abamnyama". Lezi abayimizulane kolwandle ukuthi wanika igama layo, okuyinto manje isiko isiko lethu. AmaGreki, kokuba yokutholwa amaSkithe awo ayengakwazi ukuhlobanisa izwi nge isiphawulo efanayo-ukuzwakala "ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle neze." Litholakala okukhulunywa ngaye encwadini edume "Geography", eyabhalwa uStrabo. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa mpikiswano ngemvelaphi igama uyaqhubeka phakathi zezilimi namuhla.

ulwandle wokungenisa izihambi

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaGreki wathatha ibinzana "ulwandle wokungenisa izihambi" noma Pont Euxine. ngegama lalo lamanje, wasebenzisa namuhla eGreece, futhi, ukuhunyushwa "black" futhi elidala - esilitshelwe futhi wanyamalala ukusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uStrabo efanayo ezincwadini zingatholakala Ukukhuluma kolwandle, noma umane Ponte (nakuba incane ezivamile).

Esikhundleni amaGreki kwafika Roma futhi kamuva baseByzantium. Ukuqala kusukela IX khulu leminyaka, benza waziwa ngokuthi Russian ulwandle. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi kwaba kulawo manzi yaqala ukubonakala amatilosi Outlandish - amaViking futhi amaSlav owanikhuphula izimpahla kusukela zindawo enyakatho: .. Furs, uju, njll ekugcineni Leli gama ukusakaza kokubili Kiev futhi eNtshonalanga. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIV. Ngokwesibonelo, kungabonwa ku Tale of esidlule Iminyaka.

Igama lanamuhla elithi

Ngemva Russian Black Sea sekuyisikhathi. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kuze kube namuhla, ke igama esetshenziswa iningi izilimi zomhlaba kuyinto. Imininingwane eqondile mayelana nemvelaphi yawo lapho. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu elisuka Asian, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kusikisela ukusetshenziswa le nkulumo ngu amaSkithe nezinye izizwe ayimizulane.

Kungani abamnyama? Asian izilimi (Turkish, Arabic, nokunye. D.) Yiba onentshisekelo lesiko igama umbala kolwandle. Izibonelo ezinjalo anikezwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene Umkhawulo wama-Continental: ophuzi, obomvu, njll ...

ikoloni WaseGrisi wasendulo

Lapho lisachuma amaGreki uphenyo lonke ePhontu Euxine. Igama lanamuhla elithi kungenzeka nganoma iyiphi nale nkulumo, kodwa imikhondo ngempucuko yasendulo chithi saka nezwe elingasogwini.

Ngakho, kwaba le Sinop (Sinop Turkey namuhla) eningizimu wekoloni ngesiGreki main. It yasungulwa ngu abomdabu of eMilethu, abajabulela lesi siqephu ewumngcingo phakathi kwezwe nhlonhlo ezincane, lapho itheku lalingelihle ukhululekile. Kuze kube manje, Ziphikisana mayelana usuku oluqondile ekusungulweni kwalo muzi uye walondoloza. Inkinga iba yokuthi mlando kakade unazo walo ngesikhathi imithombo embalwa ethembekile, futhi leyo, kungase kungqubuzane.

Ngokusho inguqulo evamile, Sinope yasungulwa ngo 631 BC. e. Abanye abacwaningi e datings lisiphinda kuya BC VIII leminyaka. e. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kangcono kunenye eningizimu ogwini wasePontu ngokuzalwa abavubukuli ifundelwe Heraclea Pontica. Bendzawo liphenduke serfs, ngubani elawulwa abathengisi ocebile. Ngokwe-legend, budebuduze lapha kwaba ekwehleleni ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi umfula eyayigeleza ngasedolobheni, ukuya abafileyo.

AmaGreki esenyakatho Black Sea coast

South Black Sea Coast lasetshenziswa amaGreki kunenye, ngenxa yokuthi enyakatho isimo sezulu kakade luhluke ukuthi okuyinto lanqoba yePeloponnese futhi Attica. Ngo eCrimea, eCaucasus nobusika obubanda zazinzima ezimanzi ukuthi badikibale ababaleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGreki babemesaba AmaSkithe Tauri, lowo ngokusho uStrabo, wayekwenza ubuzimu.

Nokho, ukudlula kwesikhathi futhi kule ndawo futhi uvele ithonya amaGreki. Black Sea (njengoba manje ubizwa ngokuthi Pont Euxine) enezinto eziningi izizalo zemifula, izindawo elula ukwakha echwebeni. Omunye wabo esikhundleni, lo confluence umlomo Bug noMfula Dnieper (Ukraine lanamuhla).

Olvia

Lokhu okungukuthi lapho eyakhelwe milentsy futhi Olbia, okuyinto amanxiwa namanje ukuheha izivakashi. Kuleli qophelo, thina yafinyelela imizila yezohwebo ezisuka ezindaweni ezahlukene, ngenxa emifuleni ezahlukene lapha waletha emangalisayo kakhulu, ngombono amaGreki, imikhiqizo, ayazise ezimakethe eningizimu. Ngenxa yalesi ogwini Black Sea isibe goldmine yangempela zabadayisi kanye Olvia ngokushesha abaceba.

Kwakuthinta ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Ogwini, esigodini, kwaba edolobheni engenhla, futhi ithafa - esebangeni elingamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka lapho - engenhla. Kusukela endulo izinga lamanzi olwandle, sesinyukele kule ndawo, futhi ingxenye port waya ngaphansi kwamanzi. Namanje walondoloza yonke ezindaweni zomphakathi, atholiwe edolobheni engenhla. Kuyinto evamile ukuba esigcawini ngesiGreki, lezixuku engcwele nokunye. D.

Ekuvikeleni amaSkithe Olbia esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe izindonga, okuyinto oshiwo encwadini mlando uHerodotus. Abavubukuli ufumene izinsalela izindlu lapha. Ngokuvamile, Babeyimbangela eyikamelo elilodwa flat ukuthi kwadingeka isakhiwo engaphansi. Isiza abantu bazivikele amakhaza asebusika. Heat futhi nokubhekana. Uphahla lwezindlu ezakhiwa we straw.

Umlando Black Sea uyazi nedlanzana enjalo amakoloni, okuyinto ngokuwa laphinde labhidlika emva lasendulo ngesiGreki impucuko yanqotshwa amaRoma.

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