Lapho kwakhiwa eBabele? Umlando eBabele

Ngo emlandweni wesintu ziningi nezikhathi semi edume. Kwakukhona-ke idolobha noma umbuso ngezinye izikhathi zimbozwe zaziziningi izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane. Ngisho abavubukuli professional kanye mlando ube idatha encane ngokwanele eziphathelene izikhathi, ingasaphathwa isakhamuzi isilinganiso. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi lapho kumiswa eBabele?

EBhabhiloni - idolobha enkulu waseBhayibhelini, it is njalo esashiwo cishe yonke ongqondongqondo ovelele, ososayensi nabaholi lempi ngaleyo minyaka, kodwa umlando lokhu lesikhumbuzo emangalisayo impucuko yasendulo ekutshela ingasaphathwa. Ukuze sixoshe kwesihenqo ekusithekeni phezu le ndaba, sizilungisile lesi sihloko. Funda futhi ufunde!

Isizinda

Ngo XIX-XX eminyaka BC zigoqiwe umbuso nesi-Akkad, elalisendaweni ensimini yase-Aramu Naharayimi. Ngenxa yalokho kokuwa yayo kwakhiwa nezinye izifundazwe eziningi ezincane.

ngokushesha Lars City enyakatho wathi ezimele. -Ewufrathe zakha umbuso weMari, Ashur kwavela phezu iTigrisi, e esigodini Diyalá uvele Eshnunna isimo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho waqala ukuvelela umuzi waseBhabhiloni, ogama lakhe lingase lihunyushwe kuyofika eSangweni Nkulunkulu. Khona-ke enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi Amoritskaya (yokuqala yaseBhabhiloni) lwamakhosi. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi abameleli bayo baye babusa esikhathini kusuka 1894 kuya eminyakeni 1595 BC. Nhlobo idatha olunembile, kodwa umsunguli wayo ubhekwa inkosi Sumuabuma. Yilokho lapho kumiswa yamakhosi eBabele. Yiqiniso, ngalezo zinsuku ngaphambi zezimbali umnyuziki namandla wayengumuntu isekude.

izinzuzo

IBhabhiloni kahle nge eziningi omakhelwane bayo, isikhundla salo: kuba ngokulinganayo awunankinga yokwenze wezokuVikela ukunwetshwa ensimini ka imibuso alwayo. Laliqhele endaweni lapho Tiger ngokubabazekayo ihlanganiswe ne-Ewufrathe. It wawugcwele amanzi, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se ngenkasa izinhlelo, ngokushesha bavumelana ebaluleke kakhulu yezohwebo Umthambo yesikhathi.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla emzini elihlobene ne igama uHammurabi abadumile (1792-1750 GG. BC. E.), Owayeneminyaka umphathi nje kuphela onekhono, kodwa futhi usosayensi othile, isazi sezinkanyezi, jikelele kanye sophist. Okokuqala, waphetha ubuhlobo sokulwa Larsen ukuba isandla khulula ukuhlasela eningizimu yedolobha. Ngokushesha uHammurabi kuphetha i sivumelwano umfelandawonye Marie, lapho ngaleso sikhathi imithetho friendly kuso ubukele yinkosi Zimrilim. Ngosizo umbusi yaseBhabhiloni eyamhlula ngokuphelele futhi wathatha Eshnunna. Uma sikubeka kalula, umbuso waseBhabhiloni kwamiswa esikhathini kusuka XX ukuba XIX leminyaka BC ke ngokushesha baqala ukuze isisindo sakhe sithi e niche zezombusazwe ngesikhathi.

Ngemva kwalokho Marie ayidingeki uHammurabi yasihlephula i sivumelwano umbimbi bashaya ubunikazi umlingani izolo. Ekuqaleni wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza ngokushesha niwunqobe edolobheni, ngisho Zimlirim wahlala esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi. Kodwa-ke ukuthi angizange like ekubeni pawn, ngakho kokuhlubuka kwakhe. EBhabhiloni, impendulo akugcini nje kabusha anqoba leli dolobha, kodwa futhi bawubhubhisa phansi izindonga esigodlweni umbusi. Esikhathini North, ngesikhathi wahlala enamandla kanye Asiriya, kodwa ababusi bawo ngokushesha wancenga kwababusi baseBhabhiloni.

Yilokho lapho kumiswa umbuso waseBhabhiloni ngomqondo wesimanje wale nkulumo. Kwakuyisikhathi esikhulu, esinamandla; ababusi baso privechali ososayensi, onjiniyela kanye abaklami zefilosofi futhi odokotela.

uHammurabi

Kodwa inkosi yakwa-eBabele uHammurabi kakhulu ayaziwa ngamazwi nokunqoba kwawo, kanye lwemithetho ukuthi ikhishwa uqobo:

• Esimweni lapho umakhi owakha indlu, wenza kwaba kubi, futhi kokudilika kwesakhiwo, kwashona umnikazi walo, umakhi kumele abulawe.
• Udokotela, wenza ukuhlinzwa akuphumelelanga, zibancishe ngakwesokunene.
• Umuntu free, ukuba ayokhosela inceku yendlu yakhe, ngeke abulawe.

Le mithetho uMbuso WaseBabiloni kwakuqoshwe ku omkhulu basalt izinsika ezazisendlini zonke izingxenye yamakhosi eBabele.

Yayiyini kuyanda ngokunqotshwa kweBhabhiloni?

Ngalesi umbusi kulezo izingxenye ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa ezolimo. negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ososayensi eBhabhiloni akwenza ngenkasa emazweni ehlane: ". Umfula uHammurabi" omunye iziteshi ibeyinhle kakhulu kangangokuba ngokwezibalo ngenhlonipho ngokuthi

Ayikho ijubane kancane esebenzayo uya kumiswa izinkomo. In the state kukhona ababazi ezingasho. It is likhula futhi ekwandiseni ukuhweba ezifuywayo international. Ikakhulukazi, ngesikhathi it is kulelizwe isibe isikhungo esiyinhloko yokukhipha lesikhumba ezibizayo, uwoyela kanye nezinsuku. On the emakethe yasekhaya emfuleni efanayo agelezé izinsimbi, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba nezigqila. Ngamafuphi, umbuso waseBhabhiloni yaqhakaza ngaphansi uHammurabi.

izici zomphakathi

Kukholakala ukuthi kwakukhona ezintathu ezweni izigaba zomphakathi. Okokuqala, abantu khulula. Lesi sendlalelo yabizwa ngokuthi "Avelumi", okusho ukuthi "indoda". Izingane ukhulule ukuze yobudala babantu ngokuthi "Mashi lika-Abela" - "indoda ingane". Ukuze lesi sigaba zezenhlalo basonta ingcweti, iqhawe, umthengisi futhi uhulumeni umabhalane. Kafushane, abanye ubandlululo lombhalo kwakungafanele imithetho yamakhosi eBabele babe ukuthi kungaba mahhala iyiphi.

Kwakukhona nesinye isigaba sabantu engaphansi (hhayi izigqila!), Yikuphi wabizwa ngokuthi "mushkenum" - "elincike phansi". Lona "abasebenzi". Uma sikubeka kalula, engaphansi babe abantu abasebenze ezweni wasebukhosini. Musa ukudida nabo izinceku: i- "elincike" babe impahla ilungelo labo ukuvikela enkantolo, ababenakho ezigqileni zabo.

Ekugcineni, stratum aphansi emphakathini, ngaphandle okuyinto eBabele wayengeke akwenze - izigqila vardum. Lezi ababengashunyayezwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• Uma umuntu kwaba isiboshwa sempi.
• Abakweletayo ababengakwazi ukukhokhela izikweletu zalo.
• Baye baba izigqila phezu ngokuqiniseka (kwabanye bobugebengu obukhulu).

Isici yezigqila waseBhabhiloni waba ukuthi kungenzeka abanye impahla. Uma umnikazi inceku ngangibe nezingane izigqila zabo, base (ngenkululeko uyise) wayengeke kahle indlalifa yayo esemthethweni ukunikeza isimo khulula lomuntu. Ngamafuphi nje, ngokungafani kuya efanayo eNdiya yasendulo, eBhabhiloni izigqila babengaba nethemba ezindaweni okufanele bathuthukise kuzo sína zabo emphakathini. A okweletayo ngubani kugcwalise duty iba futhi mahhala. isiboshwa Okuyigugu empi engathenga inkululeko yakhe. Okubi kwaba izigebengu ubani, ngaphandle kwabambalwa, sibe yizinceku ukuphila.

isakhiwo State

Inkosi, owayeneminyaka inhloko yoMbuso, kwadingeka "ungowaphezulu" amandla aphelele. Yena uqobo ephethwe mayelana 30-50% womhlaba kuleli zwe. Yilokho okwenza le nkosi anakekele ukusetshenziswa yabo siqu, futhi ayikwazanga ukuqasha. Phakathi ukukhishwa esimemezelweni yenkosi umthetho kufanele kube zegceke zenkosi.

Ukuze yokuqoqa intela ejensi waphendula intela. Basuke icala esiliva, kanye nemikhiqizo yemvelo - ezifana okusanhlamvu. Braley izintela izinkomo, imikhiqizo izikebhe. Ukuqinisekisa kokulalela ngokungathandabuzi kwamandla bobukhosi, isimo esetshenziswa amayunithi zamaqhawe ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza, kanye redum bairum. Selokhu kumiswa kwaba umbuso waseBhabhiloni, umuzi waseBhabhiloni idonse njalo amasosha professional: bona abathandayo, banikezwa ukubonisana udumo nenhlonipho. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngisho esikhathini yokwehla yebutho isimo sika lakwazi ukuqhuba ukuwa eside wezwe.

Ukuze inkonzo ukuze leli sosha ezinhle ngikwazi kalula uthole indlu nge engadini, ucezu eside ezweni kanye nemfuyo. Ukukhokhela ke iyisevisi zokusebenza kuphela. IBhabhiloni enkingeni kusukela ekuqaleni waba sama-giant, kabani abamele kwalandelelwa ukubulawa oda yenkosi emkhakheni. Izikhulu shakkanakku eNgophezukonke kwadingeka ukuba ahlele kangcono ukuxhumana abaphathi Tsarist kanye nohulumeni basekhaya. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama Imikhandlu umphakathi namalunga amabhodi, rabianumy.

Inkolo ethambekele monotheism: naphezu ebukhoneni bonkulunkulu ezahlukene obujwayelekile, kwakunebandla elilodwa abakhulu unkulunkulu - Marduk, ngubani ayebhekwa njengengxenye umdali wazo zonke izinto, wayenomthwalo wokusingatha noma isiphetho ngabantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo, ngakho konke yamakhosi eBabele.

iconsi lokuqala

Phakathi nokubusa indodana uHammurabi, Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 GG. BC. E.), Siye esiqaliwe ukwandisa kakhulu kuwukuphikisana yangaphakathi. Kusukela eningizimu, uhulumeni waqala ukhawule nama-Elamu, ngubani ngiwuthumbile umuzi Sumerians, omunye ngemva komunye. Yixing City imemezele ukuzimela futhi inkosi Ilumailu waba umsunguli lwamakhosi entsha. Esikhathini Northwest kukhona isimo esisha - of Mitanni.

Kwaba buhlungu esindayo, ngoba iBabiloni waqunywa wasuka yemizila yohwebo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezaholela Asia Minor ogwini Mediterranean. Ekugcineni baba zahlasela izizwe ukuba nenkani njalo Kassites. Ngokuvamile, yonke indaba yombuso waseBabiloni olukhombisa ukuthi ebuthaka ngokushesha uphendulela omakhelwane inyamazane namandla futhi inenhlanhla ngaphezulu.

Point ngo 1595 BC. e. Sabeka amaHeti, owabahlula kwezempi wanqoba iBhabhiloni. Yaphela kanjalo-ke isikhathi Old waseBhabhiloni, eyathatha iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu. lwamakhosi Okokuqala uye abasekho. Waqala "Kassite isampula" ukwakheka umbuso waseBhabhiloni.

Kassite lwamakhosi

Kassits ngokwabo Yisiphi kuzo izizwe zakwa eziningi zasezintabeni, abaye kwaqina masinyane ngemva kokufa uHammurabi. Around 1742 BC. e. Umholi wabo Gandash ehlasela indawo zombuso futhi ngokushesha wathi "inkosi yakwa-emagumbini amane zomhlaba." Kodwa empeleni, ukuba anqotshwe wonke umbuso kassits kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kwalowo mkhankaso ngempumelelo bakwaHeti. Zagijima ngokushesha ilethe kaZiqu lempi yaseBhabhiloni, waqala ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa nalawo agibela amahhashi. Kodwa abanye stagnated kwezolimo. Nabasunguli wawamukela abacebile lasendulo isiko waseBhabhiloni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi wakwazi ukubuyela Agum nesithombe sikankulunkulu Marduk nonkulunkulukazi sarpanit ngubani bathunjwa amaHethi yesibili. Kassits lazibonakalisa ababusi esihle, lapho ngentshiseko eyakhelwe futhi abuyiselwe amathempeli, isiko omatasatasa futhi isayensi. Ngokushesha yayihlanganiswa ngokuphelele libhujiswa abaseBhabhiloni.

Nokho, osopolitiki kanye amasosha babengesibo ezinhle kakhulu. Umbuso eBhabhiloni lasendulo kusheshe sincike eGibhithe, futhi ngokushesha - futhi isimo Mitanni nombuso umHeti. Ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa i-Asiriya, ogama amabutho usukwikholi XIII ekhulwini BC Kassite eBhabhiloni kubangele eziningi ukunqotshwa okubuhlungu. Ngo 1155 abanqobi lwamakhosi futhi beqiniso lashabalala, ngalahlekelwa-Asiriya.

isikhathi sango, wokubusa kukaNebukhadinezari sika Okokuqala

Abase-Asiriya, ngubani amehlo wabukela umakhelwane wakhe bagongobaliswe, akazange behluleka ukusizakala ubuthakathaka bayo okwandisa. Sasiza kubo, futhi isifiso Elamu, ohlale usuqalile ukuba bahlasele indawo yaseBhabhiloni. Kakade phakathi XII leminyaka BC, bakwazi ukuphula ngokuphelele ukumelana yabo, futhi inkosi lokugcina Kassites, Enlil-nadin-Ahi, zaphumela ukuba bethatheka. Elamu ngaleso sikhathi qhubeka bophezela imikhankaso impi kwezinye izindawo kuleli zwe.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka isikhashana emzini esizimele Yixing ngaleso sikhathi wakwazi ukulondoloza amandla, futhi-ke wathatha baton ekulweni ngokuhlasela isitha. Isiqongo amandla akhe kwaba nokubusa kwenkosi Mina Nebukadinesari (1126-1105 GG. BC. E.), Ubani waphinda kwaholela nokuqhakaza kwamandla (short-term). Eduze der inqaba amabutho akhe babaphatha ukunqotshwa osindayo nama-Elamu, bese yahlasela Elamu, bangabi yizigqila zewayini kuye.

Ukulwa Aramu

Emhlabeni Maphakathi nekhulu XI BC nesiAramu izizwe ayimizulane babé bane aseBhabhiloni Asiriya. Lapho ebhekene le ngozi izikhathi eziningana izimbangi ebabayo akuhlanganisileyo, ukwakha umfelandawonye oqinile empi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, emakhulwini eminyaka, wakhupha amaSiriya engumthengisi emva ezintathu zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ngokuqinile ukuba bazohlala imingcele enyakatho-ntshonalanga yamakhosi eBabele.

Nokho, akuzona zonke imindeni alethwe izinkinga eziningi. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi esifanayo emphilweni isimo waqala ukudlala indima ebalulekile abantu wamaKhaledi. Ngo lawo makhulu eminyaka lapho ayehlala khona ogwini ePersian Gulf, e sifinyelela aphansi e-Ewufrathe neTigrisi. Kakade ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye bona bezimi matasa engxenyeni eseningizimu eBabele futhi baqala ukuthutha eningizimu, kancane kancane befunda abaseBhabhiloni. Njengomhlaba Kassites esikhathini esidlule yamuva, zithanda bahlanganyele ezaziphila ngokufuya nokuzingela. Ezolimo kudlala indima ezincane kakhulu ezimpilweni zabo.

Ngaleyo minyaka, le Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda 14. Kusukela ngekhulu XII BC eBhabhiloni futhi waba inhloko-dolobha. Njengoba ngaphambi le nkosi, kwakudingeka ezandleni zakhe ezweni Holdings inkulu, okusho elaliwubonisiwe amasosha yenkonzo yawo. Wezempi, ngaphezu elihamba bendabuko, waqala ukudlala indima abakhwele amahhashi nezinqola umnyango omkhulu, okuyinto ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ephumelela kakhulu enkundleni yempi. Kodwa imingcele eBabele kwakuqale ukuhlasela izitha ubudala ...

ukuhlasela kwe-Asiriya

Kusukela ekupheleni kwelikhulu lesi-IX zakhe kabusha wathatha-Asiriya, ngokwethukela kwaphazamiseka kuleli zwe. Asiriya uqobo lwayo kancane kancane bangenwa izici isimo esinamandla futhi eqinile. Phakathi VII ekhulwini BC inkosi yabo uThigilati-Phileseri lwesithathu lihlasela emingceleni enyakatho yaseBhabhiloni, ilimale kanzima kumaKhaledi. Ngo 729, umbuso seliphinde kwenzakala libanjwe ngokuphelele.

Nokho, ama-Asiriya (kuphambene yamabhuku yakhe) ezithanda geqé eBhabhiloni. Kodwa esikhathini uSarigoni II, baba isikhathi esithile ehluleka ukuyilawula yase laba la mazwe ayesanda yanqotshwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Tsar wamaKhaledi Marduk-apla-iddin wathi enkosini ematheni lizwe, ekuthumbeni nenhloko-dolobha yalo. Wazihlanganisa nama-Elamu, izitha zabo zamuva. Ngezinye umbimbi kuqala saphumelela, kodwa ngokushesha uSarigoni kakhulu kabi uthukuthele iphutha, yathuma amabutho ayo engcono ukuze ayodambisa ukuvukela, wabe wagcotshwa yaseBhabhiloni, ekugcineni waqinisa isimo wayo wobukhosi.

Eminyakeni yokuqala ka ukubuyisa 700-703 Marduk-apla-iddin waphinde wazama ukuya e-Asiriya, kodwa kulokhu umqondo wakhe lutho oluhle lizwe ayikapheli. Ngo 692 BC. e umbuso ukuphetha ubuhlobo sokulwa umAramu kanye nawase-Elamu. Battle of Halule abase-Asiriya nabaseBhabhiloni balahlekelwa ngokulinganayo esindayo, lokho okubonakala kuyimpumelelo wayengeyena omunye amaqembu.

Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili inkosi yase-Asiriya wanika Sinanhherib lokuvimbezela yaseBhabhiloni. Ngemva konyaka, lo muzi wawa futhi waqala kubulawa esabekayo. Izakhamuzi eziningi wayebulewe, abanye baye baba izigqila. Inhlokodolobha kanye omangalisayo wajeziswa ngokuphelele futhi enezikhukhula. Ngaleso sikhathi umbuso iBabiloni lalimelene ibalazwe kancane, isimo uye abasekho. Kodwa ngeke kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.

Ukubuyiselwa yaseBhabhiloni

Ngokushesha sobukhosi owalandela Sinanhheriba, UEsarihadoni, engesiyo kakhulu yemukele "ukweqisa" ka esasisandulele. Inkosi entsha hhayi kuphela wayala ukubuyisela umuzi uyachitheka, kodwa yakhulula izakhamuzi zawo eziningi, futhi babayala ukuba abuyele ekhaya.

Waba yinkosi uShamash-Shum-ukin owabusa Samalungelo umbusi. Kodwa ngo-652, futhi wayeyoba amandla jikelele, umfelandawonye Arabhu, wakhupha amaSiriya, futhi Elamu, bese uyaphinda uveza impi e-Asiriya. Battle futhi senzeka ngesikhathi Der inqaba futhi anqobe obukholisayo ayikwazanga Ukunqoba eyodwa. Abase-Asiriya waya Iqhinga: okuzobe kudlalelwa a etat Ukuketulwa e Al, baletha qinile sizana of abaseBabiloni bayehluleka. Khona-ke ngesikhathi evimbezela iBhabhiloni ngo-648 BCE okuhleliwe kubulawa ngesihluku bonke abakhileyo lokusinda.

Ukuwa kwe-Asiriya bese okusha eBhabhiloni

Naphezu kwalokhu, isifiso ukulahlekelwa yokucindezelwa ngesihluku kwezinyawo-Asiriya aluzange luntengantenge. Cishe 626 BC waphula omunye kuvukela owema ekuqaleni kwazo wamaKhaledi kaNabopolassar (Nabu-apla-usur). Waphinde wenza umfelandawonye Elamu, useluleme ngemuva kwamaqhinga Asiriya, ngemva kwalokho amabutho ahlangene wakwazi ushaye isitha esifanayo inombolo enkulu yokulimala. Ngo-October 626, le kaNabopolassar waseBhabhiloni neyaziwayo azi, wabe wagcotshwa edolobheni, owasungula lwamakhosi entsha.

Kodwa umuzi yokuqala enkulu - Uruk - lezi zihlubuki kwaba iminyaka engu-10 kuphela ubudala. Zagijima ngokushesha wazama wasithatha Ashur-Asiriya, kodwa akakwazanga ukuphumelela. Usizo lwanikezwa abalindi. Ngo 614 Asiriya bamba izifundazwe waqala amaMede, abaseBhabhiloni ngokushesha lapho yenza isivumelwano. Kakade 612, bona, amaMede amaSkithe bevimbezela iNineve, inhloko-dolobha isitha. Lo muzi wahlaselwa, futhi bonke abakhileyo kulo labulawa. Njengoba WaseBabiloni umbuso komngcele uHammurabi yesibili kwaba ukuthi inwebe ngokushesha.

Ngo-609 BC, lapho wahlulwa izinsalela ebuthweni lase-Asiriya. I 605th abaseBhabhiloni ovaleleke eSiriya nasePalestina, okuyinto ngaleyo nkathi amangalelwe Egypt. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sobukhosi yaseBhabhiloni, uNebukhadinezari II. Ngu 574 BC. e wakwazi ukuphinde bathumba iJerusalema futhi iThire. Inkathi yokuchuma. Labe wabeka abadumile Gardens Ulenga, ngendlela emangalisayo athuthukile isayensi, izakhiwo kanye nezombusazwe. Ngakho, eBabele 605 kwakheka ngonyaka wesibili.

Nokho, ukuchuma nkathi phezu pretty ngokushesha. On imingcele isimo kwakukhona nezinye izitha, babelingana namaPheresiya. Ayikwazi ukumelana le ngxabano nabo e 482 ekugcineni iBhabhiloni libe omunye satrapies WasePheresiya.

Manje uyazi lapho kumiswa yamakhosi eBabele. Sithemba ukuthi sasili- ezithakazelisayo.