Le ndiza "Phantom" (Mcdonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): incazelo, imininingwane, izithombe

Abaningi ukulwa izindiza ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo noma ukhohlwe ngekhwalithi esibi, noma abe legend weqiniso, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo alazi labo bantu abangenalo maqondana izindiza. Lesi sakamuva singabangela kuchasiselwe njengokulandelayo, isibonelo, IL-2 yethu, nokunye kamuva American indiza "Phantom".

Mhlawumbe edume kunazo zonke ezake izimoto American imishini 1960-1980, negama layo iminyaka eminingi usuphenduke into efanayo kuwo wonke fighters US Air Force. gqamisa kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe multi-ukusebenza, okuyinto Abaklami zethu izindiza Siphumelele kwesikhashana. Ngokuvamile, indiza "Phantom" - alukho uphawu kancane acacile iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kunalokho, isibonelo, B-52 ekuhlaseleni.

Isici esikhethekile yaleli su kwaba ezingase kuqashwe nokunciphisa naphakathi-range imicibisholo amatheku ibhomu umshini. Ngokuthakazelisayo, yasekhaya analogue, kamuva osetshenziselwa kwezikhali we MIG-23, zingabantu kakhulu okusikhumbuza design kanye nokusebenza izici. AmaShayina nhlobo "a ipulani" wadala indiza yakhe JH-7. Inkulumo efanayo - hhayi kuphela ukubukeka kodwa futhi izinjini cishe ezifanayo ngisho radar. Akumangalisi ukuthi "Phantom" - indiza, okuyinto isithombe usengakwazi kubonakala omagazini abaningi ngendaba izikhali.

Qala yentuthuko

umsebenzi kokuqala waqala ngo-1953, lapho i-US Air Force ngokuphuthuma zakhonza yokuntuleka kancane intuthuko emkhakheni we leSupersonic fighter yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe. Esokuqala kwaba ifemu "Mcdonnell", kodwa iphrojekthi akazange ngokugcwele nezidingo ezempi. Nokho, ngesisekelo a AH-1-prototype fighter-webhomu esakhiwa kamuva.

Nokho, ukwehluleka "lokuqala Umhambisi" kwakubangelwa hhayi umqondo kuhlulekile, kodwa ngendlela olubukeziwe ngokuphelele ngo-1955, imigomo reference for indiza entsha: yokuthi undunankulu ngaleso sikhathi wembula kokuba yisifiso sokuba on yezinkampani izindiza okumsulwa yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe fighter-Interceptor uyakwazi ukufinyelela M = 2, imicibisholo kuphela ahlomile.

By the way, owenza indiza "Phantom"? Sishilo kakade, "Mcdonnell". Abanolwazi, onjiniyela bayo bakwazi ukwakha umshini elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zamakhasimende. Lesi sakamuva wafika uphumelele ngakho, ukuthi namanje umi enkonzweni emhlabeni wonke.

I prototypes lokuqala

Kakade phakathi ehlobo ngawo lowo nyaka sibonelo wokuqala, okhethwe F4H-1F, wandizisa eminyakeni emithathu yasungulwa. Ngihlezi ngesikhathi Izilawuli lomshayeli womkhumbi test uRobert C. Little. Indiza esetshenziswa izinjini J79-3A (2h6715 AmaKh), kodwa ngemva indiza yokuqala amahlanu, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuzishintsha kuya J79-GE-2. Ngemva ithuba elengeziwe, lona wamuva futhi wakhala umfuziselo J79-GE-2A (2h7325 kgf). Ngakho kwaba khona indiza "Phantom" imodeli wesibili.

Ngo-1960, sekwenziwe irekhodi ngokuphelele ijubane 2583 amakhilomitha / h. Kodwa lapha baseMelika waya iqhinga encane lobuchwepheshe: ikamelo compressor is injected ngaphansi kwengcindezi ingxube amanzi ethanol, esangenza kahle cool ophephela izindwani futhi ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kwabo ezishisayo. Lokhu ukuguqulwa yakhethwa F-4A, sakhishwa 23 nje izindiza lokhu model.

Bonke isetshenziselwa kuphela isivivinyo indiza, e-United States ziye zamukelwa Air Force. Ngokuvamile, "Phantom" - indiza (esithombeni sakhe kuyinto esihlokweni), izindaba babe lapho kungekho esingaphansi izinguqulo kweshumi. Njengoba sazi ukuthi kunentuthuko nje US Kwaba isikhathi esifushane, kungaba kubhekwe umlando! Uma ungazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani "Phantom" (indiza), uzokwazi anelise ilukuluku zabo, ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko!

Qala zokukhiqiza, ukuguqulwa

Ukukhiqizwa yale mishini yaqalwa ngo-December 1960. Ngo-1967 u th US Air Force ayesezohlubuka 637 izindiza lokhu model. Ngemva kwalokho, ngesisekelo lezi zinhlobo sidaliwe biko. Kwatsi emva kwaloko aveze "Phantoms esingaphansi 500 athi 'okuhlanzekile' ', eziningi izindiza ezindala (ngaphandle amaqoqwana lokuhlola) lashintshwa izinguqulo ezintsha.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, Isinqumo sokwamukela le "Phantom" yokutholwa fighter multi-indima senziwa kuphela 1962. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu amakhanda buxhunyaniswe nge iphelela ngenkathi izingxoxo ngendima imoto esikhathini esizayo. Abanye abaklami ahlinzekwa ngokushesha ukukwenza nge ezazidingeka i analog phansi kuhlasela fighter, kuyilapho abanye waphikelela ngokuthi ukhetho yokudala fighter ubuchwepheshe okumsulwa, ngaleso sikhathi kakhulu efunwa ngabakwa-US Air Force.

imishini yobuchwepheshe kwezikhali

umklamo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza - ezivamile, ongaphakeme-iphiko, trapezoid, isici kuba phambi aduduze alo. Empennage ishanelwe kwenziwe ukukhulisa ukumelana komoya futhi sandise maneuverability indiza.

Ngokuphambene, fighter eyinhloko yonyaka, indiza "Phantom" has a imishini athuthukile, inombolo zokuguqulwa abebegibele uhlelo UPS. Ngakho indiza ikwazi ukuhlala phansi umhlaba phezu emphemeni of umkhumbi othwala izindiza, wasebenzisa ukubopha hook. Kungaba ukumelana imishini kokwehla nesisindo esingamathani 17. Yiqiniso, ukuthi lihlala ezinjalo zitholakala kuphela ukuba abashayeli abanolwazi kakhulu, ephelele uzizwa indiza yakhe.

Umklamo imodeli umshini, radar yasetshenziselwa AN / APQ-120, ne eziyinkimbinkimbi inhloso impendulo AN / ASQ-26 AN / AJB-7 uhlelo unesibopho navigation futhi izindiza olunembile aveze nokubhonywa. Ukuze usethe kabusha amabhomu indiza phantom F-4 ngokusebenzisa imishini uphawu AN / ASQ-9L. Radar emisebeni ukutholwa isitha radar ethola AN / Apr-36/37-apharathasi, nxa uzingela Reb-impendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuphazamiseka AN / ALQ-71/72/87.

Ukwakheka indiza-F-4e navigation system kuhlanganisa ins AN / ASN-63, wumxazululi AN / ASN-46 futhi umsakazo altimeter altimeters AN /-APN-155. Okuxhumana, navigation kanye ukuhlonza uhlelo has a eziyinkimbinkimbi AN / ASQ-19 anabamemezeli a transceiver TACAN.

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali. Ngezinye ISIZINDA ayisishiyagalolunye zangaphandle ukumiswa phantom indiza F-4 singase sithwale ezihlukahlukene izikhali, kuhlanganise nabane SD naphakathi-range AIM-7 "Sparrow". Kukhona ukuthi kungenzeka izikhali e-niches we fuselage, indiza Ungaphinda usebenzise isibhamu imodeli M61A1 izindiza (neziqhumane 1200 imizuliswano isibhamu ngayinye). Esikebheni kwakuneqembu kukhona emabhuloki nge Hap ejwayelekile amabhomu, spray amathangi amadivayisi sisemoyeni (VAP) phezu ukumiswa iphiko.

Le ndiza "Phantom" (ulwazi unesithombe esihlokweni) uyakwazi niqhube ibhodi zenuzi amabhomu onobuhle ababili: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 noma Mk.28. isisindo Ubude kwezikhali kungenzeka imayelana eziyisikhombisa wamathani, kodwa nge ukulayisha ezifana umshini kungathatha off kuphela uma amathangi fuel ezingazange agcwaliswa ngokugcwele. Lena - omunye amaphutha esiyinhloko kulokho oyisibonelo, ibonakala kahle kakhulu eVietnam lapho baseMelika wahlangana MiGs Soviet. izindiza wethu ukusebenza yokudonsa maqondana isisindo futhi ingalo babe siphezulu.

Idatha ukukhiqizwa

Ukukhululwa "Phantom" ukuhlangabezana nezidingo-United States yi-1976 (ingqikithi izindiza mayelana 4,000 ekhululwa, futhi 1,300 waya izidingo Navy sika). Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe oyedwa eziyinkulungwane nengxenye izimoto ilethwa ukuthekelisa. Kodwa lapha kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ezinye izimoto akhishelwe khona wadluliswa ngokuqondile Navy / Air Force.

Akumangazi ukuthi F4 indiza "Phantom" isibe omunye ethandwa kakhulu emkhakheni jet fighters ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba nje ephethwe ukukhiqiza izicucu kuka libe yizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu. Ekugcineni, kusukela ngo-1971 kuya ku-1980 eJapane eyakhelwe 138 izindiza, ikhophi ilayisensi ye "Phantom" American, ihlukile inguqulo eyisisekelo izinguquko ukubunjwa kwezikhali kanye Avionics.

izici lobuchwepheshe

I namaphiko wawuyizinkulungwane 11.7 amamitha, ubude fuselage - 19.2 m, ukuphakama esiphezulu isidumbu 5 amamitha, iphiko endaweni 49,2 square metres. Ubuningi Take-off isisindo zazisuka amathani 25 kuya 26. indiza elingenalutho F 4 "Phantom" (ngaphandle kukawoyela kanye izingalo okwesikhashana) kuhlaziywe 13.760 kg yangaphakathi fuel amathangi fuel behlaliswe engamathani ayisithupha, amathani amane kungenziwa batheleka amathangi ukumiswa.

Motors futhi indiza izici

Njengoba isitshalo amandla Turbojet esetshenziswa ezimbili GE. Amamodeli futhi babe yizinkulungwane ezimbili: J79-GE-8 (nge esiphezulu wagxila 7780 kgf), J79-GE-17 (eliphakeme traction nobuntu okwakukhona 8120 kgf).

Ngaleso sikhathi, indiza "Phantom", izici lobuchwepheshe okuyizinto sihloko, waba legend US Air Force ngenxa yaso kanye isizathu sokuthi indiza yayo izici ayemahle kakhulu. Aircraft angase yashesha ku 2300 km / h, esiphezulu okumele izuzwe umkhuba ephakamisa Ukuphakama kwawo bekuziikubhite amamitha 16 kuya 600, ukusheshisa ukushesha - 220 m / s, uhla indiza ka 2380 km.

Ubude evulekile ngaphambi Take-off kwaba 1340 amamitha, nge-parachute unyathela amabhuleki emoto wayeka ngokuphelele 950 amamitha. On abathwali izindiza, okuyinto esetshenziswa ingwegwe, kundiza American "Phantom" wahlala mayelana 30-40 amamitha. Isivinini sindisa izuzwe ngesikhathi operation esisebenzayo, kwaba 6,0G.

Ukubaluleka ukulwa nokusetshenziswa

BaseMelika walithanda indiza "Phantom" (izici okuyinto thina kakade kuchazwe), njengoba iyunithi le imodeli isikhathi eside wahlala eyinhloko emoyeni bokuphakama Lasemoyeni kanye Navy. I ukulwa ukusetshenziswa yokuqala eyaziwayo isiqephu senzeka ngo-April 2, 1965, ngesikhathi impi eVietnam. Kukhona ezindizeni kwalesi imodeli bebhekene MIG-17F, okuyinto zazidilivwa neNyakatho yeVietnam ezweni lethu.

Kusukela 1966, ngokumelene iziqephu ayedinga MIG-21F futhi iza USSR. Air Force US Navy bazitshela ukuthi "Phantom" Uzosheshe uwine emoyeni bokuphakama, kusukela ohlangothini lwabo kwaba ngempela elinamandla-ibhodi izikhali, eliphezulu radar, kanye ukusheshisa omuhle futhi uhambe velocity. Zonke lezi zimo samnikeza ithemba ngoba imiphumela emihle dogfighting.

Ngebuhle nebubi

Kodwa umkhuba kwathi ngo ukushayisana komhlaba izici maneuverability izindiza American kwakungafanele ethandwa kakhulu. Kwakungumsebenzi izinga ezansi iphiko zaba umthwalo omkhulu ukusebenza, indima yayo njengoba uchitshiyelwe ngesigaba sindisa Umkhawulo (6.0 ngokumelene 8,0 e-MIG). Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi izimoto American ezincane turning engela handling kancane esisebenzayo. Thrust-to-isisindo izikhali izindiza Soviet wayebuye kangcono.

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukusheshisa okusheshayo (enokungezwani MIG - mayelana eziyisikhombisa imizuzwana for amaMelika), umshini bayothola engamamitha ngokushesha, abashayeli bezindiza zethu kakhulu esikalini ukubonakala kusukela indondo abanikeze asebenza nabo "Phantoms" futhi khona ilungu iqembu lesibili. offloads Kugcine kakhulu umshayeli, njengoba sihlale njalo siqaphele endaweni Nenkabazwe ezingemuva futhi ayikwazanga ukuxwayisa induna usongo Kuvezwe khona.

Okunye esikhundleni ukulwa nokusetshenziswa

Kukholakala ukuthi iqembu kahle kakhulu YaseVietnam baba umshayeli C. Ritchie nokubambisana umshayeli Charles Bellevue, ngenxa impi, ngokomlando amaMelika ngokwabo, kwakukhona MiGs ezinhlanu Vietnamese. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo indiza imodeli waqala bakamalalahlengezela idluliselwe umbimbi Israeli of America. Njengengxenye Israeli imishini Air Force zikufakazela ngokwabo kahle kakhulu.

Kodwa ngisho nalapho, e ukushayisana MIG-21 waseGibhithe, okwakukhona oshayelayo we-pilot Soviet, thola zonke nemiphumela ethile engathandeki efanayo. Inkinga omkhulu kangangokuthi ama-Israyeli sezisungule futhi insimu yalo ukukhululwa fighters French "Mirage", futhi ngenxa yalokhu musa ngisho ababedelela ukweba ingxenye ngemibhalo yomsebenzi. Esikhathini esizayo, "Phantoms" abangu refocused ukubhekana lokushaya inselelo ukuthi izindiza lokhu model ukuba babhekane ngaphandle izikhalazo.

Nokho, abashayeli bezindiza ngokwabo ubengaveli lokhu kwabajabulisa kusukela "Phantoms" lalisetshenziswa njenge izimoto lokushaya, ethwele ukulahlekelwa obonakalayo (kufika ku-70% lwemikhumbi Izimoto). Nalapha futhi, kwaba ngenxa leli qiniso akuyona izimfanelo professional eliphezulu abashayeli waseGibhithe nowase amakhono ezinhle komnikazi yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Soviet SAMS efanayo.

Kamuva izindiza yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi kushayisana emkhatsini Iran nase-Iraq (iminyaka 1980-1988), kodwa okungenani eminye imininingwane ukulwa kwabo ukusetshenziswa kuleyo minyaka namanje kungaziwa ukuthi kanjani. Nokho, ngesikhathi DogFight kuqala phakathi izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, uma Mi-24 wakwazi knock out Iraq wasemoyeni lihlasele 'Phantom "imicibisholo yakhe" umoya-to-air. "

Futhi zazi ukuthi esikhathini 2012 Air Force Syria esingu phansi "Phantom" Turkey, lapho yokugcina lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ayohlola.

Abanye ochwepheshe emkhakheni imishini nezikhali bakholelwa ukuthi indiza "Phantom" - US fighter-webhomu "ngxenye yesithathu" isizukulwane, ngesikhathi indalo yayo sina smogshy ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe. Ezinye izimfanelo i umbono onjalo, ngoba imodeli ube yimpumelelo kakhulu, futhi ezinye zezici zalo ahlale ethandwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Namuhla lolu hlobo izindiza bahlale Air Force: Egypt (mayelana ezimbili kweshumi izimoto), amaGreki, lapho kuthiwa ngamashumi ayisihlanu olwesimanje "Phantoms", okusho ukuthi nawo e-Iran, kodwa izindiza Iranian emuva 60 th unyaka ukwakhiwa, futhi inani elisele imishini serviceable engaziwa. Isebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo indiza Turkey, lapho izingalo okungenani oyedwa, anamanci mahlanu olwesimanje "Phantoms", South Korea (mayelana amahlanu), Japan (eziyikhulu izindiza). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Japanese esetshenziswa amasampuli ukwakhiwa sakhe, esiye kakade ngenhla.

nemibono yesimanje

asele imishini yanamuhla USAF bakamalalahlengezela ukulungiswa ngo ezinzima ukushaqeka drones, kanye target umsakazo-elawulwa eziklanyelwe ukuqeqesha wasemoyeni nomoya ukuzivikela nabasebenza izibalo. BaseMelika bhala ukuthi zokugcina "abantu" indiza isiqephu "Phantom" senzeka phakathi no-April 2013 (ebhekisela indiza angaphakanyiswa phezu kwendawo yakwa-US). Ngaphambi "lokugcina Mohicans" kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso umshini nenombolo umsila 68-0599, wenza ebaleka eya ayehlala kuwo lapho ekuleso le Mojave Ugwadule Januwari 18, 1989, futhi musa fly kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa manje US zoMnyango Wezokuvikela ubikezela ukuthi ngokushesha bonke "Phantoms", by manje isitoreji izosuswa ngokulondolozwa kwezinto mass futhi kabusha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi, njengoba of namuhla, ne isitoreji isusiwe okungenani 316 izimoto zalolu hlobo.

Yini abayoyenza ne "Phantom"?

American corporation BAE waziphatha kulungiswe izindiza nokuguqulwa yabo okwalandela kulo msakazo-elawulwa target QF-4C. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekugcineni zonke izimoto izakukhashelwa ukuba 82nd isigaba ahlukene Okuqondiwe umsakazo-elawulwa eyaziwa (Aerial yokukhonjiwe isigaba - ATRS). Yena lisuselwe Florida.

Liyavela ubuso bayo "kunendawo enkulu engahlolwa amarobhothi" izindiza kungaba avelele kalula endleleni evamile yokubalwa, kusukela siphetfo amaphiko keel zipendwe ngombala abomvu (ungabona esitfombeni indiza "Phantom" lolu hlobo sihloko). It is kakade eyaziwa cishe ambalwa ngaphambilini ngaphansi ukwakhiwa units. Okuyigugu ukuphenduka okunjalo ukuze umshini ingasetshenziswa njengoba ukulwa.

Ukuze khombisa amakhono ukulwa we aguqulwa "Phantoms" ngoJanuwari 2008 ebhodini esinye salezi ukuboniswa kwethulwa sentiwa kwekucala rocket "umoya-umhlaba '. Kukholakala ukuthi eguquliwe UAV izindiza kungenziwa wayisebenzisa ukucindezela izindlela umoya ukuzivikela wesitha. Yize nekusebenta ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo, ukulahlekelwa pilot at ukuphehla yabo ngeke kwenzeke, okuzokwenza ekusindiseni ukuphila pilot oqeqeshiwe.

Cishe, kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, zakamuva "Phantom" ukuze "drive womuntu" uzobe ekugcineni kusasetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazwe lapho imishini enjalo zisekhona enkonzweni. Bese ukubheka umshini edume kungaba eminyuziyamu noma uma uvakashela yangasese izindiza iqoqo. Ekugcineni, indiza isithombe "Phantom" uzokwazi ukubona emakhasini le iphepha njalo.

pilot bethu babenetende ithuba ukuhlola indondo "Phantoms." Kufanele ukuthi ochwepheshe Soviet wakhuluma kakhulu kulo mshini e izibonisi eziningana, ikakhulukazi siphawula nekhwalithi isiyonke bewumsebenzi, electronics kakhulu, kalula kokwehla kanye nokusebenza umshayeli. Futhi, "ezingenaphutha" kahle-umisiwe izindiza lokhu model. Ngakho, ngo-mode lokubikezela, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqalisa rocket noma ngephutha zisebenzisa izikhali ezahlukene. Maye, like kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi MIG pilot wethu,, ngokuba amandla, akunakuba iya ku cindezela ...