Lokho ikhiqizwa nowoyela, nokuthi ukuyisebenzisa?

Uma uyazibuza ukuthi kazi yini ikhiqizwa nowoyela, ukuthi singafika esiphethweni sokuthi eziningi. Lezi amaminerali ezimbili ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo imithombo eyinhloko hydrocarbon. zonke ukuze kubhekwe.

uwoyela

Amafutha kuyinto uwoyela ombiwa phansi, elinesimo umbala omnyama ensundu high density. Enkabeni yalo, lokhu ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi izinto, ikakhulukazi, kuba hydrocarbon ketshezi. On ukwakheka kwamafutha kuyinto naphthenic, paraffinic futhi elimnandi. Nokho avame ungathola umkhiqizo hlobo okuxubile. Ngaphandle hydrocarbon e uwoyela Ukwakheka iqukethe ukungcola organic sulphur compounds nomoya-mpilo kanye amanzi nge ziyoncibilika magnesium calcium nosawoti.

Hhayi ngaphandle futhi okuqukethwe ukudla okuqinile ngesimo ubumba nesihlabathi. Uma sikhuluma ngalokho uwoyela ungcono amalahle, ilapho ukusho mayelana ukubaluleka izinto zokusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene eliphezulu motor zokubasa. Ngemva ukuhlanzwa amanzi nezinye ukungcola engathandeki ukucutshungulwa alwenze lolo hlobo nsiza. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu by ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Kusekelwe umehluko amanga hydrocarbon okuyinto ungene ngezithako zawo abilayo.

Injani ziphuzo zazihluzwa

Njengoba uwoyela eziqukethwe amakhulu compounds ezahlukene, eziningi zazo yilezi beseduze ukuvala abacaphuni, ukwehlukana hydrocarbon ngabanye cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa uwoyela Kwenziwa ziphuzo zazihluzwa zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane okuyinto yaphuphuma ebanzi kakhulu lokushisa ububanzi. Ngezinye abavamile uwoyela amazinga okushisa ngokushutheka lesi ziphuzo zazihluzwa it is yizingxenye ezine: udizili (180-350 ° ^C), iziketekete (120-315 ° ^C) uphethiloli (30-180 ° ^C) namafutha fuel njengoba ezisalayo ngemva ukwelashwa. Uma uqhubeka ukhuluma ngalokho ikhiqizwa nowoyela, kuyafaneleka ukuthi ngalinye lala izingxenye endaweni ngaphezulu ziphuzo zazihluzwa obuphelele zingahlukaniswa zibe ingxenyenamba ngisho ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye uphethiloli petroleum etholakalayo elithi ether, ligroin futhi, empeleni, uphethiloli. Indaba yokuqala iqukethe ukubunjwa yayo pentane futhi hexane, lapho kuba i kuphela esihle kakhulu inhlaka amafutha.

izingxenye

Ukwakheka uphethiloli kuthiwa unbranched ayegcwele hydrocarbon kusukela lama- ukuba pentane, cycloalkanes futhi benzene. Ngemva ukucutshungulwa efanelekayo isetshenziswa for yezimoto and aeronautical yangaphakathi omlilo injini uphethiloli. Naphtha, ezazihlanganisa kukhona kaphalafini hydrocarbon esetshenziswa njengoba yokubasela kukhanyisa Ukushisa Imishini ukusetshenziswa yasendlini. Obuningi, iziketekete isetshenziswa njengoba yokubasela namarokhethi kanye ekuphonsweni.

Uma okunye baqonde ukuthi eyatholakala kusukela nowoyela, okungukuthi mayelana ingxenyenamba femu udizili, ngokuvamile ukhonza njengomdala yokubasela diesel. Ukwakheka uwoyela fuel yakhiwa ephezulu ukubila hydrocarbon. Ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe amafutha fuel ngokuvamile etholwe lubricating amafutha izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Okuseleyo, ngemva kwalokho kukhona fuel amafutha ukucutshungulwa ngokuvamile okuthiwa kodaka. Kule etholwe into njengoba itiyela. Le mikhiqizo zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ukwakha imigwaqo. uwoyela Okokhelekayo livame ukusetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli kubhayela.

Ezinye izindlela lokucubungula

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukwedlula amafutha amalahle, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi yini ezinye izindlela zokwelapha bona babhekana. Amafutha icutshungulwe nge ngokuhlaziya, ie ezishisayo ukuguqulwa okhanda amanye amathuba zayo. Nomthathambe kungaba omunye lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Thermal. Kulokhu, wokuqhekeka hydrocarbon wenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya okushisa ephakeme.
• Catalytic. Nokho, iqhutshwa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, ekwandeni okwengeziwe sengezwe, okwenza kube lula ukulawula inqubo ayigcine ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi oluthile.

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho uwoyela ungcono amalahle, kufanele kusho ukuthi akhiwa ngesikhathi kwemifantu hydrocarbon unsaturated, okuyinto uthole isicelo ebanzi ku zamagama zezimboni izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

amalahle

Ukucubungula le impahla eluhlaza ikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezintathu: hydrogenation, carbonization futhi amandla omlilo akuphelele. Ngayinye yalezi kuhilela ukusetshenziswa inqubo ekhethekile.

Coking Kuhilela ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa kohhavini coke ezingeni lokushisa 1000-1200 ^{° C} ngaphandle ukufinyelela-mpilo. Le nqubo ivumela ayinkimbinkimbi chemical kugucuka ukuthi umphumela uyoba kumiswa coke kanye nemikhiqizo oluyingozi. Eyokuqala esimweni seyizolile ithunyelwa amabhizinisi of yokusansimbi. Imikhiqizo oluyingozi kuthiwa selehlile, okwathi ngemva kwalokho etholwe ammonia amanzi namalahle yomsizi netiyela. Kusekhona okuningi izinto okungezona wafingqa. Uma sikhuluma kungani uwoyela ungcono amalahle, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kusukela ezibonakalayo zize kuqala eluhlaza etholwe imikhiqizo siphelile okuningi. Ngamunye the izinto siqondiswe production ezithile.

Okwamanje, kwenza ngisho ukukhiqizwa lwamafutha amalahle, esihlinzeka fuel ukuthi kuzuzisa kakhulu kangakanani.