Nicholas yangaphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo zangaphandle emfushane 2 (Ithebula)

Umbusi lokugcina mlando Russian of nenkathi yamaSoviet besihambisana nesiminyaminya njengomuntu obuthaka ukuba lutho. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eziningi lokubuka Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule zibuyekezwe, umbono ngakho lizimelele ezingqondweni ukuthi abaningi share ngisho nanamuhla ke. Ngokulinganayo ayizwakali ethulwa kanye zangaphakathi nezangaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2. Akube ngokufingqiwe imiphumela yokubusa kwakhe kulokho abantu naye kwabahambela kabi, wayengakwazi ukufunda nompofu, 'ababusi "eyayidume usulu futhi bamgcona ngokugcwele. Ngenxa yalokho - amandla akakwazanga ukuzibamba, njengoba yezixuku ingemukelwa.

Ukuhlolisisa eningiliziwe kwenkathi, eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi nanye, kuvela ukuthi akuyona umbusi ezimbi ezifana kwaba Nicholas 2. Domestic nomgomo wezangaphandle, okuyinto idayagramu lula njengoba kuchazwa mlando Soviet (kusuka nezifundiswa ukuba othisha esikoleni), empeleni kubukeka eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu .

ukuthi fihla

Zifika esikhundleni ubushiqela zasebukhosini kokubusa capitalists nabanikazi bamazwe uhlobo kweqiniso kaMarx intando yeningi kumele ukukhuthaza ukukhula inhlalakahle. Lokho akuzange kwenzeke, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni akuzange ukuchuma olulindelekile. Chaza lesi senzakalo kwakunzima, ikakhulukazi abantu esiveza tsarist izikhathi Ubani owayazi ukuthi hhayi kuphela aristocrats nabakhulu kwadingeka ukufinyelela ezifana izinzuzo njengoba evamile ekudleni kanye ngcono okunomsoco nezimo zokuphila. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu kudingeka abazenzile bezama ukufakazela ukuthi ukuphila okungcono manje, kodwa ukudla wembathise sibi, kodwa amafulethi mancane. Akuwona neze umsebenzi olula, kodwa solvable, umane iyakwenqabela obungemthetho ukuveza imicabango, nixoshe noma ukubhubhisa abathwali yabo. Futhi Nicholas yangaphakathi nezinqubomgomo zangaphandle 2 kafushane, ngaphandle kokuqonda imininingwane, kwathiwa isigebengu, futhi obonakala sebeqedile ingxoxo. Nokho, amaphutha futhi wavuma benkulumo-ze Soviet, uqhathanisa yonke impumelelo kwamandla babantu Russia ngo-1913, ukusebenza, futhi baqhubeka benza kanjalo kuze kube sekupheleni sixties. Ezinye zazo bheka kumnandi namuhla. Ikakhulukazi kumayelana izinga lokukhula ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, ivolumu yomkhiqizo wezolimo kanye nokwakhiwa isivinini sesitimela. Kuze kube manje, lesi simangaliso kwezomnotho wahola lizwe basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kafushane bhala mayelana akunakwenzeka - amaqiniso amaningi kakhulu ethusayo.

ezolimo

Memezela ukudla ukuvimbela ngobukhulu endaweni yezwe ekuqa- le XIX futhi XX amakhulu eminyaka njengoba okungenanzuzo njengoba uzama sokukhipha iPacific. Kuyinto Russia, uma uthanda, kungashiya ngaphandle rye noma amazambane wonke amazwekazi. Umhlaba ukudla ukubusa - lingachazwa ngokuthi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2 kafushane. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa lokho kwaba yisabelo ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni izitshalo ezinkulu.

Kwaba nomthelela kule nkinga impumelelo ibonakala ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise nalezo olwenziwe yi-nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo okuqalwe Petrom Arkadievichem Stolypinym. Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861, kodwa kanye namazwe angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2 ekuqaleni ekhulwini lama-20 liye kakhulu kwaqinisa wezwe isikhundla yangaphandle izimakethe. ESiberia kukhona inqubo, into okusikhumbuza Wild West eNyakatho Melika, kodwa ngaphandle kokubhubhisa wendawo Aboriginal abantu kanye njalo labadubuli. Abalimi ngiye ngazuza ubunikazi olimekayo umhlaba (80% jikelele, futhi cishe bonke abantu basempumalanga izifunda zombuso) futhi baqala nempumelelo. I share wezolimo ohlanganyelwe kunqatshiwe, yadedela amapulazi.

It kuphela uhlala sifinyelela iziphetho mayelana yimpumelelo kangakanani basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2. Akube lelingenhla kufakazela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kuleli zwe lapho esebusa isilinganiso, okuyinto namuhla kungaba kuphela baphupha.

I-Russian Empire kwaba isithekelisi ukudla esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. omunye kuphela izimbobo (Odessa) ku umthamo wezimpahla transshipment (ikakhulukazi ummbila) yaba nkulu kunawo onke harbor American States i-Nyakatfo.

Ukucwaninga

Enye impumelelo ebalulekile yokugcina Tsar isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ukudala izimo ngoba ukwanda. Ukubalwa kwabantu boom, uzokwenza Kufanele kuqashelwe, waqala ngaphansi uyise, u-Alexander III, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi kuye kwaba negalelo namazwe angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2. Akube kulesi siphetho esefingqa iqiniso lokuthi abantu abakulowo mbuso kakhudlwana nge 62 million abantu. Isilinganiso Russian (kuhlanganise Ukraine futhi Byelorussians) babe esingaphansi kwesigamu (43%), kodwa cishe akukho ukushayisana ngamazwe. Encwadini zwe elikhulukazi konke kungaba isikhala esanele. Ayikho yokufakelwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela inzalo-kwakungadingeki, izinsiza kungaba okwanele - ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa evamile - amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Imali Imininingwane sabantu anda kathathu wafinyelela ekupheleni kwekhulu ukuba 24 bhiliyoni ruble igolide. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abasebenzi kanye abalimi waqala ukuphila okungenani kabili njengoba kangcono.

kumiswa

Kufanele kukhunjulwe nokuthi, inqobo nje uma akanacala ngokwehluleka kwamasabatha nenkosi, bese azithele ngabandayo okuphumelela futhi, Iqiniso eliphelele liwukuthi abantu kumele bathole uNicholas II. inqubomgomo ezifuywayo angaphandle, kafushane kuchazwe njengendlela ngobuholi ngenakugwemeka global, ngokusekelwe ukulungiswa Uhlaka Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo. Imali izinhlelo kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo Kwandiswa eightfold. Kwezemfundo zomphakathi eRussia kokuchitha nohafu kunangendlela Britain, iFrance ne kabili. On izinga lemfundo kungaba liyokwahlulelwa kanjani ochwepheshe kwezilwandle ethandwayo bexoshwa ezweni emva kwempi, njengoba ngempela nangezinto abazifezile nokwatholakala. Ungabi izinxushunxushu ezinkulukazi yezenhlalakahle (noma kunalokho - inhlekelele), akukho ososayensi ngezindlela kwakuyoba ezingadingekile: ku-20 ngonyaka th sabantu abangalazi babeyohlala eRussia.

umkhakha

Industrial ukukhula ukukhiqizwa in the 80s and 90s akuyona esingaphansi 9% ngesikhathi mkhuba owandayo. Ezifuywayo angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2nd kwaqinisa ukuthekelisa bezikhali umkhakha Russian. ukukhiqizwa imishini Domestic kwadingeka eziningi izinzuzo ukuncintisana, kuhlanganise - intela umthwalo ngokulinganisela, ecebile izinto zokusetshenziswa futhi base amandla okukhulu nezisebenzi ezinamakhono kakhulu. EJapane, kuyilapho ngokuvamile zakhiwa iwashi, ukugqoka imikhiqizo yayo uphawu "UPavel Khulula, eSt Petersburg." Ngokuvamile, ezifuywayo angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2 kafushane nezenzo schematically okuphindiwe omunye autocrat - Alexei Mikhailovich, wethiwa ezithule sengqondo mnene nokulangazelela ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ngokuthula. Okungenzeka izinsongo zangaphandle enkosini osemusha ezama ukwenza melanani titanic amandla kwezomnotho, esekelwe izimboni, ezolimo kanye nezinsiza ongashi engokwemvelo eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa zindawo ezikude osekwenziwe eziningi. Ukwakhiwa Elikhulu laseSiberia sesitimela nezinye ujantshi amathrekhi kwenziwa emlandweni engakaze ibonwe ijubane - at 2000 amakhilomitha ngonyaka. Phinda le irekhodi wahluleka, akukho zwe, kuhlanganise i-USSR.

I ilwa neJapane

Ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha futhi nomthelela oda wezempi. Kuyinto emikhulu kabusha atshalwa eminyakeni. Thina zaklama futhi zakha izindawo imikhumbi entsha, ukwakha izibhamu elikhulukazi, izinhlobo eziningi okwakufanele ukulwa futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1904 namaphutha sina ekuhloleni isimo sezombangazwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude kanye umthamo we-Japanese amabutho ahlomile, okuyiwona uyena obangela ukuba abe umholi oyinhloko, futhi Tsar Nicholas 2. Domestic nomgomo wezangaphandle kafushane echazwe njengo shapkozakidatelskih.

I ilwa neJapane kwaba ngeshwa kakhulu, kodwa hhayi okungenani, babe imiphumela ukwehluleka izingxoxo zokuthula. umnotho isitha uye stagnated, naphezu ukunqoba Tsushima Strait eminye isinyathelo sezempi kwaba yinkinga kakhulu ngenxa yokuswela reserves nezisetshenziswa. Noma kunjalo ezivuna ezivela eRussia benziwa: Japan waya ePort Arthur, kwesigamu Sakhalin kanye ukulawula Korean nhlonhlo.

Inqubomgomo Defence kanye imizamo zamanxusa

Kodwa bamukelwa izikhungo iziphetho ezisekelwe kabusha balelo butho nezinye lasolwandle. Yakhiwe ngu- Russian Air Force. inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Nicholas II ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, u kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa ukuzivikela wezwe kodwa kwasekuqaleni - yokugwema impi. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi wokuqala yesimanje nomlando isiphakamiso uphawu sihlangene sivumelwano ku-non-ubudlova kanye ne-mutual izingalo komkhawulo laqanjwa Russian uhlangothi 1898. Kwakukhona Hague Ukuthula lenkomfa ezimbili (1899 futhi ngo-1907), okuyinto wabeka isisekelo sokuba phambili izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe - iNhlangano Yezizwe neZizwe Ezihlangene.

Zonke lezi zinyathelo ayehloselwe ukuqeda kungenzeka emikhulu empini e-Europe. Ababili noma babe bathathu emashumini ezolile - neRussia sibheke ukuchuma - siqondwa hhayi kuphela Nikolay 2. Domestic nomgomo wezangaphandle emfushane angena formula izivumelwano ukuthula imvelo international sokuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngeshwa, endleleni eya ekufinyeleleni umkhumbi zombuso walala elabo zamakhorali letinyenti, akusito tonkhe zazo ephethwe ukugwema.

Inguquko lokuqala

The Revolution of 1905 kwenzeka, Uma unganakile ibonakala kusenjalo, Nokho, uthole ukucwaningwa okuningiliziwe kokulandisa izimo buqala kubeka wuphi umbono mayelana nemithetho yayo. A sikhathi sokukhula ngokushesha komnotho neze ephelele ngaphandle ezingqubuzana kakhulu phakathi ubudlelwane okusalele emuva zokukhiqiza kanye amabutho ithele zishintsha ngokushesha. Okokuqala, kakade i outflow zomsebenzi kusukela emkhakheni wezolimo, abalimi beyofuna ukuphila okungcono sathuthela edolobheni lapho kwakukhona imisebenzi, ukuvuvukala kwababusi sabasebenzi. Okwesibili, ukwazi mass ukuthonywa kokunqotshwa Russia emkhankasweni Japanese, wabekwa icala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufanele, uNicholas 2. Domestic nomgomo wezangaphandle ukuthi elinesimo emfushane ovulekile umphakathi njengento engasizi kokuqhuba emuva izindlela usebenzisa okuthiwa akusebenzi clichés ngemibono (ubuzwe, ukholo, autocracy ubuzwe t. d.). Isandulela i ubudala, kodwa uyafundisa.

Futhi-ke, igalelo elikhulu kuya Russian monarchist umqondo isetjentiswe phakathi "ngeSonto Bloody", lapho, obonelelayo lapho uchukuluzwa, amabutho ukuvimba ukufinyelela odwendweni kuya Winter Palace, bavulela ngenhlamvu. Lesi simo kuwumsebenzi othatha isikhathi okusikhumbuza izenzakalo zamuva iningi Kiev, eziqalisa neziyaluyalu ahlukanisayo. Nokho, injabulo wabangela igagasi intukuthelo ethandwa, utshelwa lo mbusi athambise isandla sina. Ezinye ukuguquguquka nokulangazelela sisihle emehlweni inkosi, kuhlanganise izitha evulekile wekuba sive isiRashiya, sasihlukile kweminyaka emibili enzima basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2.

Kafushane mayelana iphuzu eliyinhloko: i-Manifesto ka-October 17, 1905 abangu yabizwa ngokuthi inkululeko, isici yeningi yeYurophu, futhi kwathiwa umfanekiso zonke izingxenye labantu bakuleyo Duma State. Kodwa kamuva, lapho isimo wamavukelambuso aqala ukuncipha, eziningi zalezi zinyathelo ophoqelelwe abangu ochithiwe (akuzona zonke), kanye ephalamende - siphela.

ERussia neMpi Yezwe

Ngobusuku obandulela ngezinga elikhulu empini, ibutho Russian ngenkuthalo olwesimanje. I ukwethulwa lizwe, imikhumbi entsha yakhiwe izindiza umkhakha, kodwa kabusha ngo-1914 esingakaphothulwa. Omunye izihloko ezisemqoka mlando ingxabano kwaba isinqumo ukugqugquzela yenkosi, wamemezela emva shot ebulalayo kanye Sarajevo ultimatum-Austria-Hungary ngokumelene Serbia. Bona iyaphikisana njengoba Izinyathelo sokuzivikela asebenzayo ngaphambilini wajaha obunokuthula angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo Politika Nikolaya 2. Isifinyezo ithebula ukulingana amabutho phakathi amazwe Triple Alliance neRussia ekuqaleni ekulweni wembula yokuntuleka bokuphakama, owawuzobanika isiqinisekiso ukunqoba kuyashesha futhi okuqinisekisiwe.

Ngakho, kokuhileleka kunoma yiluphi ukungqubuzana okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako, umbusi wokugcina waseRoma Russian bengaqondi ukuthi, yena dooms lizwe ukulahlekelwa omkhulu wokuphila futhi Ukwehla komnotho. Mayelana ukunqotshwa Yiqiniso, umbuzo alikwazanga: bezikhali umkhakha Lezokulima bangathembela yokuthi indlala kugwenywe, futhi nobukhulu indawo enganikanga amathemba isitha ngoba umsebenzi wakhe, ngisho kancane. Ngakho, empeleni, kwenzeka: namaJalimane Austrians abakwazanga phambili eminye le Carpathians.

Russia ukungabi khona ezinkulu yokunqotshwa ezimpini phezu izimpi kweMpi Yezwe II nomthelela ngaphambilini olwenziwa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle Politika Nikolaya 2. Ithebula elingenhla libonisa kuzuzwe kazwelonke Imboni yezokuvikela, ngaphandle okomnikelo uthi azihlanganisa kuphela. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi empini uyakhathaza sisekele uhlanga isisetshenziswa eRussia lezwakala maningi amathuba kuka emazweni we Triple Alliance ndawonye.

Njengoba kuboniswe ukuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi eqhubekayo, lo mphikiswano wagcizelela amandla amakhosi akhe. Ukubala kukaKaiser Wilhelm kanye noMbusi wase-Austria u-Franz Josef babenemibono emfushane njengenqubomgomo yangaphakathi neyangaphandle kaNicholas 2. Imiphumela yempi yayiyadabukisa kokubili imibuso yaseYurophu: yahlukana, ayikwazi ukubhekana nokushaqeka okukhulu komnotho. Noma kunjalo iRussia yayinethuba elingcono kakhulu lokugcina indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ithemba lokusekelwa kwe-Entente: IBrithani neFrance babenamandla amakhulu, okwakuboniswa umphumela ophumelelayo wempi kubo.

Uthando lukaNicholas, futhi ukuthi, njengoba eholele ibutho ngo-1915, wazibonakalisa engumphathi wezempi onethalente futhi wahlela imisebenzi eminingana ephumelelayo (i-Vilno-Molodezhnaya, ukuqhuma kweBrusilov, ukuhlaselwa kukaRiga), okwenza abaphathi abanamakhono bakwazi ukuthola izinhlelo ezinesibindi. Ukuqhathaniswa kwesimo esiphambanweni saseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga kubonisa ukuthi i-Army yaseRussia yonke iziphatha kahle, ihumusha uhlobo lwempi kusukela ekungeneni kweselula, kuyilapho abaseBrithani nabaseFrance bengashiya imizamo yabo yokuqeda ukuzivikela kwe-Austria.

I-Revolution yesibili

Ngo-February 1917, kwavela enye impindiselo eRussia, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-bourgeois. Isimo sezomnotho kuleli zwe ngokungangabazeki sinobunzima, kodwa singenathemba, njengoba kwakungokwesiko ukuqinisa eminyakeni yobuSoviet. Naphezu kokugqugquzela okukhulu, iRussia yahlala izwe elilodwa kuphela elinamandla lapho kwakungekho isidingo sokuletha amakhadi okudla. Imbonini isebenze ngesivinini esigcwele.

Isimo sengqondo sokuzithoba emlandweni asamukeleki, kodwa nokho umuntu angacabangela kancane ngalokho okwakwenzekile uma uNicholas II engazange abambelele. 2. Inqubomgomo yasemakhaya neyangaphandle (ukuchaza ngokucacile izenzo zakhe ngokungaqondakali) kuyobe ihlose ukuthola isikhathi futhi Ukuqaphela izinzuzo. IJalimane ne-Austria-Hungary babhekene nokuhluleka. Lokhu kufakazelwa, kungashiwo, kuhlolwa: isivumelwano sokuthula (futhi, eqinisweni, ukuzinikela) sisayinwe ngaphansi konyaka ngemuva kokuguqulwa kukaFebhuwari, ngaphandle kweRussia iqhaza kuyo. Kwasala ukugcina kancane kakhulu, hhayi ezimweni ezimbi kunazo zonke.

Kodwa-ke, ibutho lahlehliwe, ukuziphatha kwakunqotshwa, futhi ukuzama ukulawula ukuhlubuka kwahluleka. Ukusayina i-manifesto kumfowabo, u-Nikolay II wayengeke ayeke isiko lendabuko, kodwa wayeqiniseka ukuthi wayengathandeki phakathi kwabantu. Lesi sinqumo sabonakala siyingozi kuye nakulo lonke izwe.